MECIIAJilCi' 
REAM  filllDK 


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o 


UCS8   LIBRARY 


THE 


MECHANIC'S 

iimi  ©nil. 


THE 


MECHANICS'  READY  GUIDE: 


CONTAINING 


KULES,  TABLES  AND  RECIPES 


READY  MECHANICAL  REFERENCE  ; 


Also — The  rules  and  directions  for  proceeding  with  the  Uni- 
ted States  Patent  Office,  for  obtaining  Patents,  Transfer- 
ring Patent  Eights,  Liabilities,  Forfeitures,  Infringments, 
&c.,  &c. 


ARRANGED   BY 

J.    SPOFFORD 


PORTLAND: 
1855. 


CONTENTS 


Weights  and  Measures,             -            -  -         7 

Ropes  and  Cables,              ...  9 
Log  Lines,        -----         9 

Shoemaker's  Measure,       -            -            -  9 

Explanation  of  Character,        -            -  -       10 

Abbreviations,        -            -            -             -  10 

Numeration,      -            -            -            -  -       12 

Notation,                -            -            -            -  13 

Circles,  Geographical,               -            -  -       14 

Miscellaneous,        -            -            -            -  14 

Coal,  bushels  and  weights,         -            -  -       15 

Scripture  Measure,            -            -            -  15 

Jewish  Measure,             -            -            -  -       15 

Circles,  area  and  diameter,            -            -  15 

Human  Strength,          -             -            -  -20 

A  Draught  Horse,              -            -             -  22 
Air,       .-..--       22 

Sound, 22 

Force  of  Wind,             -            -             -  -       23 

Effects  of  Heat,    -            -            -            -  23 

Gunpowder,       -             -             -             -  -       24 

Fusible  and  Malleable  Metals,       -            -  24 

Fusible  Brittle  Metals,               -            -  -      24 


PAGE. 

Annealing,             -             -             .            -  25 

Iron  and  Steel,              -            -             -  -       25 
Weight  of  scjuare  foot,  Iron,  Copper  and  Lead,       25 

Weight  of  square  rolled  Iron,        -            -  29 

Weight  of  round  rolled  Iron,                 -  -       30 

Capacity  of  Cisterns,         ...  30 

Speaking  Trumpets,                   -             -  -       31 

Bricks,       .....  31 

Ilay, 31 

Hills  In  an  acre,             -             -             -  -       31 

Earth,        .....  31 

Composition  Table  in  relative  parts,     -  -       32 

Solders,      -             -             -             -"            -  32 

Alloys,                -             -             .             -  -       33 

Chains,  size  and  strength,               -             -  33 

Cables,  Hemp,               -             -             -  -       34 

Turning  and  boring  Iron,               -             -  34 

Specific  Gravities,          -             -             -  -       35 

Table  of  Specific  Gravities,           -            -  36 

Miscellaneous  Observations,                   -  -       37 

On  Sounds,             -             -             -             -  37 

Heat  or  Caloric,             -             -             -  -       3  7 
Relative  conducting  power  of  dlficrcnt  bodies,         38 

Radiation  of  Heat,             ...  39 

Observations  on  Metals,            -             -  -       39 

Metals,  Mixture,                -             -             -  42 

Steam  Engine,               -             -             -  -       43 

Builers,      -             -             -             -             -  46 


MISCELLANEOUS  KECIPES. 

Klcliing  on  Iron  and  Copper.  -             -       48 

^.'•o^v^l  Mortar,         -             -  -             -             48 

(  ■  ments,                        -             -  -            -         48 

J   icker  for  Fire  Arms,               -  -             -       50 

1   ickcr  for  briglit  Iron  work,  -             -             50 

J  >  Petrify  Wood,          -             -  -             -       5.0 

'.I  o  V.  rite  black  on  Silver,  -             -            .50 

'i>  prevent  Iron  from  corroding,  -             -       50 

Water  proof  mixture  for  Leather,  -             51 

I  ory,  to  soften,              -             -  -             -       51 

}, acker  for  Brass,     -             -  -             -             51 

I  on  Blacking,               -             -  -             -       51 

B'nck  Yarnisli  for  Iron,       -  -             -             25 

H.irdening  Steel,           -             -  -             -       52 

To  remove  mildew  from  Linen,  -             -             25 

A  Gilding  Varnish,       -             -  -             -       53 

Tinning  Iron,           -             -  -             -             53 

Soldering  Iron,              -             -  -             -       53 

Scaling  Cast  Iron,                -  -             -             53 

Cast  Iron  Ornaments,                -  -             -       54 

Iron  Lustre,              -             -  *             -             54 

Silver  Plating,                -             -  -             -       54 

Silver  Wash,            -             -  -     .       -             54 

Staining  Woods,            -             -  -             -       56 

Indellible  Ink,          -             -  -             -             G6 

Hardening  White  Wash,           -  -             -       57 

Shoe  Blacking,        ...  -             57 

Softening  Horn,             -             -  -             -       57 

Watchmaker's  Oil,               ...  5 


Iron  Kiist, 

- 

PAGE 

58 

Suffocation, 

• 

-       58 

Ether  for  Tooth  Aclie, 

. 

58 

Hedge  Fence, 

- 

-       58 

Alleviation  from  Cough, 

•             -             • 

58 

Karthen  Ware, 

- 

-       59 

I.Iarble  Fire  Places, 

- 

59 

Cook's  Weights  and  Measures, 

-       59 

Keeping  Fresh  Beef, 

- 

60 

Directions  for  proceedings  in  Patent  Office, 

CI 

Eeflections  on  Mechanics 

and  Labor,    - 

-       99 

P  E  E  F  A  C  E 


As  many  mechanical  laws,  rules  and  tables,  with 
accompanying  observations  are  obscured  by  compli- 
cated mathematical  and  unintelligible  formulae,  I 
have  resolved  to  render  the  matter  in  this  book  more 
acceptable,  to  dispense  with  all  mathematical  prob- 
lems, solutions  and  technicalities ;  and  lay  down  plain 
rules,  tables  and  observations,  for  ready  reference  in 
the  work  shop.  Being  a  practical  mechanic,  I  assume 
to  have  some  knowledge  of  the  want  of  some  ready 
reference,  that  will  be  brief,  comprehensive  and  ac- 
curate. The  contents  of  this  work  will  be  found  to 
consist  of  well  established,  and  practically  demon- 
strated rules.  I  therefore  respectfully  submit  the 
following  to  the  public. 

THE  AUTHOR. 
Portland,  Dec.  12th,  1854. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


Apothecaries    Weight. 

20  grains 

make  1  scruple, 

scr. 

3  scruples 

"       1  dram, 

dr. 

8  drams 

"       1  ounce, 

oz. 

12  ounces 

"       1  pound, 

lb. 

Averdupois  Weight. 

16  drams 

make  1  ounces, 

oz. 

16  ounces 

''       1  pound, 

lb. 

18  pounds 

"        1  quarter, 

qr. 

4  quarters 

"       1  hundred  cwt. 

cwt. 

20  hundred  weight 

"       1  ton. 

ton. 

By  this  weight  are  weighed  all  articles 

except  gold; 

silver,  and  jewels. 

Troy  Weight. 
24  grains  -make  1  pennyweight,     dwt. 

20  pennyweights      "       1  ounce,  oz. 

12  ounces  "       1  pound  lb. 

By  this  weight  are  weighed  gold,  silver  and  jewels. 


Long 

Measure. 

3  barley  corns 

make 

1  inch, 

in. 

12  inches 

u 

1  foof, 

ft. 

3  feet 

a 

1  yard, 

yd. 

6  feet 

(( 

1  fathom, 

fth. 

5  1-2  yards 

u 

1  rod,  pole 

or  perch. 

40  rods 

« 

1  furlong, 

fur. 

8  furlongs 

t( 

1  mile. 

mile. 

3  miles 

u 

1  league, 

lea. 

-69  1-6  miles 

« 

1  degree, 

deg. 

1  hair  breadth  \i 

3  1-48  of  an  inch. 

Cloth  Measure. 
2  1-4  inches  make  1  nail,  nl. 

4  nails  "       1  quarter  of  yard,  qr. 

4  quarters  "        1  yard,  yd. 

Square  Measure. 

144  inches  make  1  square  foot,  i\. 

9  square  feet       "       1       "      yard,  yd. 

30  1-4      "     yards      "       1       "     rod  or  pole,  rod, 

40      "     rods  or  pole    1       "    rood,  rd. 

4      "     roods  1       "    acre,  acr. 


Dry  Measure. 

2  pints  make  1  quart,  qt. 

8  quarts  "        1  peck,  pck. 

4  pecks  "        1  bushel,      bush. 

8  bushels  "        1  quuarter,       qr. 


Wine  Measure. 

2  pints 

make  1  quart, 

qt. 

4  quarts 

"       1  gallon, 

gal 

42  gallons 

"       1  tierce, 

tier 

63       " 

"       1  hogshead, 

hhd 

2  tierces 

"       1  puncheon, 

pun 

2  hogsheads 

"       1  pipe  or  Butt, 

pipe 

2  pipes 

"       1  tun, 

Ropes  and  Cables. 
G  feet  make  1  fathom, 

120  fathoms  "       t  cable  length. 


Log  Lines. 

51  feet  13-4  inches  ^make  1  knot. 

5     "     1  1-3       "  '    "      I  fathom. 

Using  a  3(y'  glass. 
Length  of  line    150  fathoms,  allowing   G  fathoms 
between  chip  and  first  knot. 


Shoemaker's  Measure. 
There  are  two  series  of  numbers  in  shoemakers 
rules,  viz  :  from  1  to  13  in  children's  measures,  and 
from  1  to  15  in  large  measures. 

No.  1  is  4  1-8  inches  in  length. 

"     2  is  1-3  of  an  inch  added,  and 

so  on,  addins  1-3  of  an  inch  to  each  No. 


10 

Explanation  of  Characters 

Used  in  scientific  and  mathematical   tables  and 

calculations. 

==  equal  to, —  as;  16  ounces  equal  to  1  pound. 

-|-  mark  of  addition, —  as;  4-|-6=:zl0. 

—      ''      "    substraction, —  as;  10 — 5=5. 

X       "      "    multiplication, —  as;   10x5z=50. 

-^      "      "    division,— as ;  50-r-5z=:10. 

,*,  I    mark  of  proportion, —  as;  4:8:  :8:16, 
*/  ^  that  is  ;  as  4  is  to  8,  so  is  8  to  16. 

°  Degrees,  'Minutes,  "Seconds. 
A.  A.  signifies  prime  ;  A.  second. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

A.  A.  A. 

Fellow  of  the  American  Academy 

A.B. 

Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Acct. 

Account. 

A.  D. 

The  year  of  our  Lord. 

A.M. 

Master  of  Arts. 

Atty. 

Attorney. 

B.  D. 

Bachellor  of  Divinity. 

B.V. 

Blessed  Virgin. 

Bbl. 

Barrel. 

Co. 

Company. 

Com. 

Commissioner  or. Commodore. 

c.  s. 

Keeper  of  the  Seal. 

c.  p.  s. 

Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

D.D. 

Doct.  of  Divinity. 

Dept. 

Deputy. 

Do,  Ditto, 

The  same. 

Ed. 

Editor,  Edition. 

11 


E. 

East. 

e.  g. 

For  example. 

Esq. 

Esquire- 

Etc. 

And  so  forth. 

Exr. 

Executor. 

(lent. 

Gentlemen. 

Gov. 

Governor. 

H.  S.  S. 

Fellow  of  the  Historical  Society 

Hon. 

Honorable. 

Ibid. 

In  the  same  place. 

i.  e. 

That  is. 

Inst. 

Instant. 

Inst. 

The  present  month. 

Jun-  or  jr. 

Junior. 

L.  L.  D. 

Doctor  of  Laws 

L.  S. 

Place  of  the  Seal. 

Math. 

Mathematics. 

M.  B. 

Bachelor  of  Medicine. 

M.  C. 

Member  of  Congress. 

:m.  P. 

Member  of  Parliament. 

M.D. 

Doctor  of  Physic. 

JSIr. 

Master. 

MS. 

Manuscript. 

MSS. 

Manuscripts. 

N.  S. 

>'ew  Style. 

0.  S. 

Old  Style. 

P.  s. 

Postscript. 

S.  T.  P. 

Professor  of  Theology. 

Ult. 

The  last  month. 

12 

NUMERATION 

Teaches  us  to  express  numbers  by  digits  or  figures 
which  were  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Moors, 
about  the  year  of  our  Lord  1000.  The  ten  digits 
were  formerfy  called  cyphers ;  hence  the  term  cy- 
phering Tvas  applied  to  Arithmetic.  The  ten  digits 
or  figures,  viz  :  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  0,  are  all  sig- 
nificant figures,  and  are  ca"pable  of  being  transformed 
into  an  unlimited  number  of  positions  or  numbers. 
The  tenth  digit  signifies  nothing  of  itself,  but  when 
placed  on  Ihe  right  of  any  of  the  first  nine,  it  in- 
creases its  value  ten-fold,  as  5  five  :  with  one  cypher 
added  make  50  fifty ;  with  one  more  cypher  added 
500  five  hundred,  and  so  on. 

They  have  also  another  value,  which  depends  upon 
the  position  in  which  they  stand  to  each  other,  viz  : 
as  follows : 


„ 

"3 

-^ 

m 

C 

c 

O 

g 

^ 

L^ 

P 

p 

r2 

c 

o 

3 

^ 

"5 

r^ 

•A 

r,  , 

^ 

'i+H 

^4-1 

CJ 

c; 

o 

.9 

o 

o 

a 

Ih 

w 

•^ 

to 

t/3 

"^ 

c. 

3 
O 

5 

tr. 

O 

S 

rS 

o 

O 

5 

8 

7 

G 

5 

1 

3 

2 

1 

9 

.  8 

7 

C 

5 

4 

3 

2 

9 

8 

7 

C 

5 

4 

3 

9 

8 

7 

G 

5 

4 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

9 

8 
9 

7 
8 
9 

6 

7 
8 

13 

liOTATION 

Teaches  us  to  express  numbers   by  letters  or  char- 


I 
II 

in 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 

xu 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 

XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XXX 

XL 

L 

LX 

LXX 

LXXX 

XC 

C 

cc 

ccc 

cccc 

D 
DC 

DCC 


One. 

Two. 

Three. 

Four. 

Five. 

Six. 

Seven. 

Eight. 

Nine. 

Ten. 

Eleven. 

Twelve. 

Thirteen. 

Fourteen. 

Fifteen. 

Sixteen. 

Seventeen. 

Eighteen. 

Nineteen. 

Twentv. 

Thirty'. 

Forty. 

Fifty. 

Sixty. 

Seventy. 

Eighty. 

Ninety. 

One  Hundred. 

Two  Hundred. 

Three  Hundred. 

Four  Hundred. 

Five  Hnndred. 

Six  Hundred. 

Seven  Hundred. 


14 


DCCC 

DCCCC 

M 


Eight  Hundred 
Nine  Hundred. 
One  Thousand. 


A  bar  oveii,  any  number  increases  its  value 

one^thousand  times,  viz : 

V  Five  Thousand,     L    Fifty  Thousand. 

VI  Six  Thousand,       C    One  Hun.  Thousand. 
![     Ten  Thousand.     M   One  Million. 


60  seconds 

60  minutes 

300  degrees 


CIRCLES. 

make  1  minute, 
"  1  degree, 
"       1  circle. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


3  inches  make  1  palm, 

4  "  "       1  hand, 
9      "  "1  span, 


PAPER. 

24  sheets  make  1  quire, 
20  quires      "      1  ream. 


DIAMOND. 

16  parts  make  1  grain, 
4  grains    "      1  caret. 


COINS. 

1  eagle  =        258  gr. 
1  doilar  =        412i  " 
1  cent=  1G8    " 


15 


COAL. 

I  cuLic  foot  Anthracite  coal  weighs  55  lbs. 

1      "       "    Bitumhious  coal  weighs  50   " 

1      "        "    Cumberland  coal    "  53    " 

1      "       "    Charcoal,  hard  wood,  weighs  19    " 
1      "       "  "  pine     '•  "        18    " 

1  bushel  Bituminous  coal  "         80   " 

The  Conventional  rule  for  purchasers  is  29  bushels 
1  peck  to  the  ton,  or  43.-^  cubic  feet. 


Scripture  Measures. 


1  digit  =  9-10  of  an  in. 
1  palm  =  3  6-10  "      '• 
1  span  =  10  9-10"      " 


1  cubit  =  1  ft.  10  in- 
ches nearly. 

1  fathom  =  7  It.  3  1-2 
inches. 


Jewish  Measures. 

1  cubit  is  1  ft.  8-10  of  an  inch. 

A  Sabbath  day  journey  =  one-half  a  Jewish  mile. 
1  mile  is  =  7206  feet. 
A  days  journey  is  33  miles  864  feet. 


CIRCLES. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  any  circle. 

RULE  1.  MultiiHy  the  diameter  %  3.1416  and  the 
product  will  he  the  answer. 

Rule  2.  As  7  is  to  22,  so  is  the  diameter  to  thf 
circumference. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  circle. 
Rule.  Multiply  half  the  circumference  by  half  the 
diameter. 


16 

Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles. 


Dia3i. 

Circum. 

Area. 

Diam. 

Circum. 

Area. 

1 

3,141 

,7854 

9 

28,27 

B3,617 

i 

3,927 

1,227 

i 

29,05 

67,200 

4 

4,712 

1,767 

4 

29,84 

70,882 

5,497 

2,405 

30,63 

74,662 

2 

6,283 

3,141 

10^ 

31,41 

78,539 

"i 

7,068 

3,976 

i 

32,20 

82,516 

•± 

7.854 

4,908 

4 

32,98      86,590 

a 

8,639 

5,939 

s 

33,77      90,762 

s'* 

9,424 

7,068 

11 

34,55 

95,033 

i 

10,21 

8,295 

i 

35,34 

99,402 

4 

10,99 

9,621 

i 

36,12    103,86 

5 

11,78 

11,044 

'i 

36,91   ;108,43 

4 

12,56 

12,566 

12 

37,69 

113,09 

i 

13,35 

14,186 

i 

38,48  |1 17,85 

rt 

14,13 

15,904 

\ 

39,27   jl22,71 

I 

14,92 

17,720 

3 

40,05   '127,67 

5 

15,70 

19,635 

13 

40,84 

132,73 

1 

16,49 

21,647 

\ 

41,62 

137,88 

17,27 

23,759 

42,41    |143,13 

a 

18,06 

25,967 

^ 

43,19    138,48 

6^' 

18,84 

28,274 

14 

43,98    153,93 

J 

19,63 

30,679 

\ 

44,76    159,48 

* 

20,42 

33,183 

h 

45,55    165,13 

1 

21,20 

35,784 

i 

46,33    170,87 

7' 

21,99 

38,484 

15 

47,12    176,71 

J 

22,77 

41,282 

i 

47,90    182,65 

A  1  23,56 

44,178 

i 

48,69    188,69 

1 

24,34 

47,173 

f 

49,48  il94,82 

8 

25,13 

50,265 

16 

50,26 

201,06 

J 

25,91 

53,456 

i 

51,05 

207,39 

26,70 

56,745 

h 

51,83 

213,82 

27,48 

60,132 

I 

52,62 

220,35 

17 

TABLE— (Continued. ) 


Liatn.  i    Circum-  !     Area        Diam.  I    Circum.       Area 


53,40 

54,19 

54,97 

55,76 

50,54 

57.33 

58,11 

58,90. 

59,69 

60,47 

61,26 

62,04 

62,83 

63,61 

64,40 

65,18 

65,97 

66,75 

07,54 

68,32 

69,11 

69.90 

70,08 

71,47 

72,25 

73,04 

73,82 

74,61 

75,39 

76,18 

76,96 

77,75 


25 


26 


27 


28' 


I  226,98 
i  233,70 
1  240.52 
!  247,45 

254,46 
;  261,58 
j  268,80 

276,11  I 
I  283,52  j 
!  291,03  i 
:  298,64  I 
i  306.35  I 

314,161 

322,06  i 

330,06 ' 

338,16  i 

346,36  I  29 

354,65  I 

363,05 

371,54 

380,13 
;  388,82 
I  397.60 . 

4(J6,49  I 

415,47  1 

424.55  I 
;  433,73^ 
I  443,01  I 
!  452,39  I 
1461,86' 
1471,431 
I  481,101 


30 


31 


78,54 

79,32 

80,10 

80,89 

81,68 

82,46 

83,25 

84,03 

84,82 

85,60 

86,39 

87,17 

87,96 

88,75 

89,53 

90,32 

91,10 

91,89 

92,67 

93,46 

94,24 

95,03 

95,81 

96,60 

97.38 

98,17 

98,96 

99,74 

100,5 

101,3 

102,1 

102,3 


I  490,87 
i  500,74 
1510,70 
!  520,70 
I  530,93 
i  541,  IS 
!  551,54 
j  562,00 
1 572,55 
583,20 
I  593,95 
I  604,80 
615,75 
I  626,79 
I  637,94 
j  649,18 
i  660,52 
671,95 
I  683,49 
695,12 
!  706,86 
1718,69 
I  730,61 
I  742,64 
i  754,76 
i  766,99 
779,31 
i  791,73 
i  804,24 
i  816,86 
1 829,57 
'  842,39 


18 


TAB  LE— ( Continued . ) 


Diam.  ■ 

Circum. 

Area. 

Diain.  ;  Circum.        Area. 

33 

103,6 

855,30 

41 

128,8 

1320,2 

i 

104,4 

868,30 

i 

129,5 

1336,4 

i 

105,2 

881,41 

h 

130.3 

1352,6 

I 

106, 

894.61 

f 

131,1 

1369,0 

34 

106,8 

907,92 

42 

131,9 

1385,4 

i 

107,5 

921,32 

I 

132,7 

1401,9 

i 

108,3 

934,82 

^ 

133,5 

1418,6 

f 

109,1 

943,41 

f 

134,3 

1435,3 

35 

109,9 

962,11 

43 

135, 

1452.2 

i 

110.7 

975,90 

I 

135,8 

1469,1 

J 

111,5 

989,80 

X 

2 

136,6 

1486,1 

i 

112,3 

1003,7 

■^ 

137,4 

1503,3 

36 

113, 

1017,8 

44 

138,2 

1520,5 

i     113,8 

1032,0 

i 

139, 

1537,8 

4     114.6 

1046,3 

^ 

139,8 

1555,2 

f      115,4 

1060,7 

i 

140,5 

1572,5 

37        116,2 

1075,2 

45 

141.3 

1590,4 

J    in. 

1089,7 

i 

142,1 

1608,1 

■i 

117,8 

111  04,4 

i 

142,9 

1625,9 

* 

118,6 

|1119,2 

i 

143,7 

1643,8 

38 

119,3 

!ll34,l 

46 

144,5 

1661,9 

^ 

120,1 

1 1149,0 

1- 

145,2 

1680,0 

^ 

120,9 

i 1164,1 

^ 

146, 

1698,2 

f 

121,7 

1179,3 

f 

146,8 

1716,5 

39 

122,5 

1194,5 

47 

147,6 

1734,9 

L 
4 

123,3 

1209,9 

i 

148,4 

1753,4 

4 

124. 

1 1225,4 

h 

149,2 

1772,0 

I 

124,8 

i 1240,9 

l- 

150, 

1790,7 

40 

125.6 

!  1256,6 

48 

150.7 

1809.5 

i 

126,4 

1^72,3 

i 

151,5 

1828,4 

i 

127,2  i  1288,2 

i 

152,3 

1847,4 

i 

1  128, 

11304  2 

i 

153,1 

1866,5 

19 


T  A  BTiF.-  (Continued.) 


Diam.  1  Circum. 

Area. 

Diam. 

Circum. 

Area. 

49 .     153,9 

1885,7 

57 

179, 

2551,7 

i 

154,7 

1905,0 

k 

179,8 

2574,1 

-i 

155,5 

1924,4 

^ 

180,6 

2596,7 

f 

156,2 

1943,9 

3 

4 

181,4 

2619  3 

50 

157, 

1963.5 

58 

182,2 

2642,0 

i 

157,8 

1983,1 

1 

4 

182,9 

2664,9 

i 

I5S,6 

2002,9 

J. 

183,7 

2687,8 

I 

159,4 

2022,8 

3 
4 

184,5 

2710,8 

51 

160,2 

2042.8 

59 

185,3 

2733,9 

\ 

161, 

2062,9 

1 

4 

186,1 

3757,1 

161,7 

2083,0 

>I 

186,9 

2780,5 

^ 

162,5 

2103,3 

3 

4 

187,7 

2803,9 

52 

163,3 

2123,7 

60 

188,4 

2827,4 

i 

164,1 

2144,1 

1 

4 

189,2 

2351,0 

^ 

164,9 

2164,7 

1 

190, 

2874,7 

f 

165,7 

2185,4 

3 

4 

190,8 

2898,5 

53 

166,5 

2206,1 

61 

191,6 

2922,4 

i 

167,2 

2227,0 

1 

4 

192,4 

2946,4 

i 

168, 

2248,0 

i 

193.2 

2970,5 

I 

168,8 

2269,0 

3 

4 

193,9 

2994,7 

54 

169,6 

2290,2 

62 

194,7 

3019,0 

4 

170,4 

2311,4 

1 

4 

195,5 

3043,4 

1 
5- 

171,2 

2332,8 

i 

196,3 

3067,9 

f 

172, 

2354,2 

3 

4 

197,1 

3092,5 

55 

172,7 

2375,8 

63 

197,9 

3117,2 

4 

173,5 

2397,4 

1 

4 

198,7 

3142,0 

4- 

174,3 

2419,2 

X 
2 

199,4 

3166,9 

3 

„     4 

175,1 

2441,0 

3 
4 

200,2 

3191,9 

56 

1 75,9 

2463,0 

64 

201, 

3216,9 

i 

176,7 

2435,0 

1 

4 

201,8 

3242,1 

^ 

177,5 

2507,1 

^ 

202,6 

3267,4 

3 
4 

178,2 

2529,4 

3 

4 

203,4 

3292,8 

20 
TABLE- (Continued.) 


Diam. 

Circum. 

Area. 

Diam. 

Circum. 

Aroa. 

65 

204,2 

3318,3 

70 

219,9 

3^48,4 

i 

204,9 

3343,8 

1 

4 

220,6 

3875,9 

^ 

205,7 

3369,5 

■} 

221,4 

3903,6 

3 

4 

206,5 

3395,3 

3 

4 

3931,3 

6G 

207,3 

3321,2 

71 

223,3 

3959,2 

i 

208,1 

3447,1 

1 

4 

223,8 

3987,1 

} 

208,9 

3473,2 

i 

224,6 

4015,1 

3 

4 

209,7 

3499,3 

3  • 
4 

225,4 

4043,2 

67 

210,4 

3525,6 

72 

226,1 

4071,5 

1 

4 

211,2 

3552,0 

4 

226,9 

4099,8 

2- 

212, 

3578,4 

i- 

227,7 

4128,2 

3 

4 

212,8 

3605,0 

3 

± 

228.5 

4156.7 

68 

213,6 

3631,6 

73 

229,3 

4185,3 

4 

214,4 

3658,4 

1 
4 

230,1 

4214,1 

i 

215,1 

3685,2 

k 

230,9 

4242,9 

3 

4 

215,9 

3712.2 

3 

4 

231,6 

4271,8 

69 

216,7 

3739,2 

74 

232,4 

4300,8 

1 

4 

217,5 

3766,4 

1 

4 

233,2 

4329,9 

2^ 

218,3 

3793,6 

i 

234, 

4359,1 

3 

4 

219,1 

3821,0 

3 
4 

234,8 

4388,4 

1 

75- 

235,6 

4417,8 

Human  Strengtli. 

The  mean  effect  of  the  power  of  man  is  estimated 
at  the  raising  of  70  pounds,  1  foot  liigh  in  a  second, 
for  10  hours  in  a  day. 

Two  men,  working  at  right  angles,  will  raise  140 
pounds  Avith  more  ease  than  one  man  will  raise  60 
pounds. 


21 


A  man  with  a  drawing  knife  will  exert  a  force 

of 100    lbs. 

An  auger, 100 

A  screw  driver, 84 

A  chisel,  compression  of  one  hand,.  .72 

A  carpenter's  plane, 60 

A  hand  saw, 36 

A  thumb  screw, 45 

A  bit  stock, 16 

Experiments  have  proved  that  a  strong  man  will 
raise  18,000  lbs.  1  foot  high  a  minute  for  2  1-2 
minutes. 

4500  pounds  raised  1  foot  in  a  minute,  is  equal  to 
1-5  the  ^Yo^k  of  a  horse. 

A  man  of  ordinary  strength  will  exert  a  force  of 
30  lbs.  in  2  12  minutes,  for  10  hours  in  a  day. 
A  man  accustomed  to  travehng  will  travel 
70  yards  a  minute  in  common  time. 
8G      "  ''  cpick  time. 

109      "  '•  double  quick  time. 

A  soldier  occupies  in  the  ranks  of  an  army,  a  front 
of  20  inches,  and  a  depth  of  13  inches.  The  space 
between  the  ranks  is  13  inches. 

The  strength  of  5  men  is  equal  to  1  horse. 

A  cavalry  horse  will  walk  800  yards  in  9  minutes, 
and  at  a  gallop,  in  2  minutes.  He  occupies  in  the 
ranks  a  front  of  3  feet  4  inches,  and  a  depth  of  10 
feet.  He  will  carry  a  soldier  and  his  equipments 
25  miles  in  8  hours. 
3* 


22 


A  Draught  Horse 
Will  draw  1500  lbs.  25  miles  in  a  day,  and  move  at 
an  average  of  3  feet  in  a  second. 

In  a  horse  mill,  the  track  should  be  25  feet  in  di- 
ameter. Six  hours  constitute  a  days  work,  allowing 
the  horse  to  travel  3  feet  per  second ;  consequently 
1  horse  power  enizine  is  equivalent  to  that  of  4 
horses. 


AIR. 


The  pressure  of  the  air  at  the  surface  of  the  earth 
is  15  lbs.  to  the  square  inch;  at  7  miles  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  it  is  only  S%  lbs.;  at  14  miles  from 
the  surface  it  is  16  times  lli^hter  than  at  the  surface. 


SOUND. 

The  mean  velocity  of  sound  is  1100  feet  per  sec- 
ond. 

To  compute  the  distance  by  sound,  multiply  the 
time  in  seconds  by  1100  and  the  product  is  the  dis- 
tance in  feet. 

Example. — After  observing  the  flash  of  a  gun  it 
was  3  seconds  before  I  heard  the  report.  "Wliat  was 
the  distance  ? 

1100X3=3300  feet. 


23 


Force  of  Wind, 


Miles 

Pre-jsure  to 

in  an  hour. 

Obsei-vationg. 

square  foot. 

1  to  3 

is  just  perceptible, 

4  "  10 

gentle  and  pleasant, 

10  "  25 

brisk  to  very  brisk, 

Ito  3  lbs. 

30"  50 

high  to  very  high. 

4"  10  " 

60  "  80 

great  storm  to  hurricane, 

18"  32  " 

100 

tornado. 

40  "  50  " 

Efiects  of  Heat. 

Cast  Iron   melts  at  2754°  Farenheit, 


Fine  Gold     " 

a 

1983^ 

Fine  Silver  " 

u 

1850'=» 

Copper         " 

a 

2160^ 

Brass 

u 

1900° 

Zinc               " 

li 

740° 

Lead             " 

a 

594° 

Bismuth         '' 

^^ 

476^ 

Tin                " 

u 

421'' 

iNIercury        " 

u 

39°. 

Tin  and  bismuth. 

equal  parts. 

283° 

Tin,  3  parts,  bismuth 

5,  lead  2, 

212°. 

Plate  glass,  work 

ng 

heat, 

8490° 

Charcoal  burns, 

700° 

Human  blood, 

98° 

Ether  boils, 

98° 

Brandy  freezes, 

7° 

Strong  wine  freezes, 

20° 

24 

GUNPOWDER. 

For  Uuited  States  service,  I  For  sporting, 

75  parts  saltpetre,  |         78  parts  saltpetre, 

15     "     charcoal,  12     "     charcoal, 

10     "     sulphur.  I        10     "     sulphur. 

Proof  of  Powder. — One  oumce  of  powder  will 
throw  a  24  lb.  ball  280  yards. 

Powder  ranging  below  225  yards  is  not  received  at 
U.  S.  magazines,  and  powder  ranging  as  low  as  180 
yards  is  worthless. 


Gold, 
Sodium 
Tin 
Iron, 


Fusible  Brittle  Metals. 

Antimony,  Tellurium, 

Bismuth,  Arsenic. 

Platina  is  the  heaviest  of  all  the  metals,  besides  be- 
ing so  ductile  it  will  admit  of  being  drawn  into  a  wire 
of  less  than  a  two-thousandth  part  of  an  inch. 

Gold  is  the  most  malleable,  ductile  and  brilliant  of 
all  metals,  and  next  to  platina,  the  most  imperishable. 
A  single  grain  can  be  made  to  cover  the  space  of 
more  than  400  square  inches,  and  a  wire  of  one-six- 
teenth of  an  inch  will  support  a  weight  of  over  300 
pounds. 


Fusible  and  Malle; 

Platina, 

Palladium, 

tX' 

Mercury, 
Potassium, 

Nickel, 

Zinc, 

Silver. 

25 


Silver  is  next  to  gold  in  malleability  and  ductility. 
Its  tenacity  is  such  that  a  wire  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch  will  support  a  weight  of  200  lbs.,  and  can  be 
drawn  into  wire  finer  than  human  hair. 


Steel  is  most  effectually  annealed  In  a  charcoal  fire, 
by  making  it  red  hot  and  allowing  the  fire  to  go  out 
of  its  own  accord. 

Cast  Iron,  In  large  pieces,  can  be  heated  either  In 
cinder  or  charcoal  fire,  and  must  be  completely  en- 
veloped and  defended  from  the  air  until  cool.  Small 
pieces  may  be  buried  In  dry  saw-dust. 


Iron  and  Steel. 

Iron  is  less  malleable  than  gold,  silver  or  copper. 
It  is,  of  all  metals  in  common  use,  the  most  difficult  of 
fusion.  The  hardness  of  iron,  its  great  tenacity,  mal- 
leability, &c.,  and  the  great  facility  with  which  it  can 
be  forged  into  any  peculiar  shape,  render  it  one  of 
the  most  valuable  of  metals.  It  is  capable  of  be- 
ing rendered  magnetic,  but  soon  loses  Its  magnetic 
preperties  unless  it  be  In  the  state  of  hardened  steel. 
Iron  is  rarely,  though  sometimes  found  In  its  native 
state.  A  mass  of  irdh  in  its  native  state  is  found  de- 
posited in  the  IMuseum  of  Arts  at  St.  Petersburg,  In 
Russia,  weighing  1200  tons. 

Cast  Iron  is  the  first  metal  resulting  from  the  ore. 
The  process  of  fusion  is  carried  on  with  charcoal,  and 


26 


a  proportionate  part  of  limestone.     Cast  Iron  is  divi- 
ded into  three  different  qualities  : 

No.  1  runs  so  fluid  in  a  state  of  fusion  as  to  be  ad- 
mirably adapted  for  ornamental  work.  It  will  run  so 
fine  that  in  large  manufacturing  districts  it  is  rnn  into 
cutlery,  forks,  scissors,  and  even  fish-hooks  and  nee- 
dles. These  articles  will  attain  a  «]^reat  defjree  of 
malleability  when  annealed,  and  are  capable  of  being 
welded. 

No.  2  contains  a  smaller  quantity  of  carbon,  and  is 
preferable  for  large,  heavy  work,  and  where  great 
strength  is  required ;  such  as  wheels,  beams,  machin- 
ery. Sec. 

No.  3  is  of  coarser  and  more  brittle  qualities,  and 
is  adapted  only  for  coarse,  clumsy  work. 

Cast  Iron  is  converted  into  wrought  iron  by  keep- 
ing it  in  a  state  of  fusion  for  a  considerable  time,  and 
repeatedly  stirring  it  in  the  furnace,  until  it  becomes 
more  stiff  and  infusible.  The  workmen  become  ac- 
quainted by  its  appearance  what  time  to  apply  the 
hammer  or  rollers.  After  undergoing  this  process,  it 
is  called  bar  iron.  The  loss  of  weight  sustained  in 
the  process  of  refining  will  generally  average  one- 
third. 

The  quality  of  bar  iron  is  much  improved  by  com- 
pression, forging  and  rolling,  bi*  it  should  not  be  ex- 
posed to  a  violent  heat  any  lengthy  period,  as  it  wil 
begin  to  lose  its  metallic  properties. 

Blistered  steel  is  made  of  the  purest  of  malleable 
bar  iron.     The  process  consists  in  layers  of  bars  upon 


27 


layers  of  charcoal  in  a  furnace  arranged  for  the  busi- 
ness and  made  air-tijrht.  The  fire  is  raised  to  a  con- 
siderable heat  and  kept  burning  for  8  or  10  days, 
when  it  is  withdrawn  as  blistered  steel. 

Steel  should  be  manufactured  altogether  with  char- 
coal, on  account  of  the  carbon  it  possesses,  as  it  unites 
in  the  most  essential  degree  with  the  properties  of  the 
steel.  Earthy  and  infusible  matter  will  reduce  steel 
to  its  original  standard.  Pit-coal  should  never  be 
used,  neither  in  the  forging  or  tempering  of  edge 
tools,  as  it  destroys  the  finer  properties  of  the  steel. 

Cast  steel  is  rendered  uniform  by  fusion  ;  hence  it 
is  called  cast  steel,  and  is  wrought  with  more  difficul- 
ty than  common  steel,  because  it  is  more  fusible. 
The  cast  steel  of  England  is  made  from  the  fragments 
of  crude  steel.  The  furnace  is  heated  with  coke,  and 
five  hours  are  required  for  the  fusion.  It  is  then  cast 
into  ingots  and  forged  with  more  precaution  and  less 
heat  than  other  steel,  as  it  is  more  liable  to  break.  Tlie 
surest  method  for  securing  a  fine,  keen  edge  in  tem- 
pering is  to  enclose  the  tools  to  be  tempered  in  an 
iron  box  and  slowly  heat  them  to  a  cherry  red  and 
then  suddenly  immerse  them  in  cold  water  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  exclude  the  air  as  much  as  possible  from 
them.  This  method  causes  the  heat  to  be  more  equal- 
ly diffused  and  prevents  the  scaling  which  occurs  in 
allowing  the  heated  steel  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
air. 

Various  methods  have  been  adopted  for  hardening 
steel,  such  as  oil,  tallow  and  urine,  but  when  it  is  de- 


28 


sirable  to  procure  a  degree  of  extreme  hardness  it 
may  be  cast  into  mercury,  -which  ■will  make  it  hard 
enough  to  cut  glass  like  a  diamond. 

For  case-hardening  iron,\he  most  effectual  method 
is  to  take  au  iron  box  and  burn  on  the  articles  to  be 
hardened  animal  matter,  such  as  horns,  hoofs,  skins, 
leather,  &c.  The  depth  of  the  steel  hardened  will 
depend  upon  the  time  occupied  in  healing.  It  will  re- 
quire more  tlian  half  an  hour  to  produce  a  hardened 
surface  the  thickness  of  a  three  cent  piece. 

A  very  handy  and  easy  Avay  of  case-hardening  is 
to  put  on  the  article  to  be  hardened,  prussiate  potash, 
and  slowly  heating  to  its  required  heat  and  immersing 
suddenly  in  cold  ^ater. 

Cast  Iron  can  TO^ardened  by  simply  heating  to  a 
red  heat  and  casting  it  into  cold  water,  but  when 
once  hardened  it  cannot  be  softened  again  like 
wrought  iron  and  steel,  unless  by  the  regular  process 
of  anneaiiuiz.  , 


hT^)--  ■:-i;'n*>y' 


29 


Weight  of 

Square  Foot  of  Iron,  Copper  &  Lead. 

ThickDess. 

Cast  Iron. 

Sheet  Iron. 

Copper.  1     Lead. 

lbs.    oz. 

lbs.     oz. 

lbs.    oz. 

lbs.    oz. 

1  sixteenth. 

2    '6 

2      7. 

2  15 

3  11 

O           (( 

4  13 

4  15 

5  14 

7     6 

3       '^ 

7     4 

7     7 

8  13 

11     1 

4      '' 

9  10 

9  15 

11  12 

14  12 

5       ^^ 

1  12     1 

12     7 

14  11      18     9 

G       '* 

14    8 

14  14 

17  10     22     2 

7 

IG  14 

17     6 

20     9     25  13 

8       « 

19     5 

19  14 

23     8     29     8 

9       '' 

21   12 

22     () 

2G     7  1  33     3 

10       ♦' 

24     2 

24  14 

29     9  !  36    4 

11       '♦ 

26    9 

27     6 

32    5  j  40     9 

12       " 

29  00 

29  13 

35     4 

44     4 

13       " 

31     6 

32    ^ 

as    3 

47  15 

14       " 

33  13 

34  13 

41     2     51  10 

15       - 

36    4 

37     5 

44     1      55     5 

1   inch. 

38  10 

39  13 

49     0 

59     0 

Weight  of  Round  Iron. 
FROM  1-4  INCH  TO  8  INCHES:  AND  1  FOOT  IN  LENGTH. 


Dia. 

Weight  Diam.  Weight 

Diam.|  T|f eight,  Diam. 

Weight 

in. 

lbs. 

in.    j     lbs. 

in. 

lbs. 

1    in. 

lbs. 

i 

0.165 

1 

1  2 

10.616 

n 

37.332 

6S 

103.704 

1 

0.373 

|2J 

11.988 

^ 

39.864 

7 

112.160 

^ 

0.663 

13.440 

4 

42.464 

7^ 

120.960 

i 

1.043 

2| 

14.975 

H 

47.952 

7| 

130.048 

S 

1.493 

2J 

16.988 

^ 

53.760 

'f 

139.544 

1 

•2.032 

4 

18.293 

4| 

59.900 

8 

149.328 

1 

2.654 

4 

20.076 

5 

66.752 

159.456 

H 

3.360 

2J    21.944 

H 

73.172 

H 

4.172 

3     23.888 

5i 

80.304 

n 

5.019 

^ 

25.926 

55 

87.776 

u 

5.972 

n 

28.040 

6 

95.552 

i| 

7.010 

3| 

30.240 

H  ! 

1^ 

8.128 

3i    32.512 

H 

n 

9.333 

3| 

34.886' 

Weight  of  Flat  RoUed  Iron. 
From  1-8  by  1  inch  to  1  by  6  inches,  and  one  foot  in  length. 


Thick  VV'dth.VVeisht 

Thick 

VVidih  Weight 

Thick 

W'th  Weight 

io. 

in. 

in  lbs. 

in. 

in. 

in  lbs. 

in. 

in. 

in  ibs. 

i 

1 

0.422 

h 

1^ 

2.535 

i 

2 

4.224 

i 

u 

0.845 

t 

(I 

3.168 

i 

u 

5.069 

f 

*( 

1.267 

i( 

3.802 

t 

" 

5914 

a 

1.690 

i 

u 

4  435 

1 

« 

6.758 

1 

it 

2.112 

1 

<( 

5.069 

i 

2i 

0.898 

s 

it 

2.534 

i 

1§ 

0.686 

i 

(■ 

1.795 

J 

u 

2.956 

a 

1.372 

f 

i< 

2.693 

i 

H 

0.475 

f 

it 

2.059 

k 

it 

3.591 

i 

(1 

0.950 

i 

a 

2.746 

f 

(( 

4.488 

^ 

<i 

1.425 

i 

(( 

3.432 

3 
4 

a 

5.386 

i 

u 

1.901 

„ 

i 

li 

4.119 

i 

a 

6.283 

a 

2.375 

i 

a 

4.805 

1 

a 

7.181 

i 

it 

2.850 

1 

<; 

5.492 

i 

2i 

0.950 

7 

(i 

3.326 

i 

n 

0.739 

i 

i( 

1.900 

i 

H 

0.528 

i 

a 

1.479 

1 

u 

2.851 

i 

(( 

1.056 

■i 

« 

2.218 

i 

<t 

3.802 

S 

(( 

1.584 

i 

u 

2.957 

f 

a 

4.752 

h 

a 

2.112 

1 

« 

3.696 

i 

(( 

5.703 

i 

i( 

2.640 

f 

<( 

4.435 

5 

« 

6.653 

i 

a 

3.168 

7 

« 

5.178 

1 

tl 

7.604 

I 

it 

3.696 

1 

a 

5.914 

^ 

2f 

1.003 

1 

t( 

4.224 

i- 

li 

0.792 

i 

<( 

2.006 

i 

If 

0.580 

i 

u 

1.584 

f 

(( 

3.009 

i 

16 

1.161 

1 

u 

2.376 

i 

I( 

4.013 

f 

(( 

1.742 

(( 

3.168 

(< 

5.016 

i 

a 

2.325 

.l 

(( 

3.960 

i 

'' 

6.019 

1 

(( 

2.904 

f 

u 

4.752 

i 

(( 

7.022 

3 

(( 

3.484 

J 

(( 

5.544 

1 

« 

8.025 

i 

i( 

4.065 

1  ° 

u 

6.336 

i 

2| 

1.056 

Table  of  I 

"lat 

Iron 

—(Con 

tiui] 

Led., 

Tb ick  1  Width  VVeiglu  th'k 

vVidih 

VVeigJu 

Fh'k 

\v'th|  Weight 

in.    •■    in.      in  lbs.     in. 

in. 

in  lbs. 

in.  1 

in.  j    in  Ib.s. 

1 

S  4.G46|  I 

0 

0.845 

i 

2ii  2.112 

i 

li 

0.633  i 

u 

1.689 

« 

"'    3.168 

"     i 

1.266   1 

u 

2.534 

■k 

''     4.224 

s 

u 

1.900    i 

C( 

3.379 

5 

s 

''     5.280 

f 

n 

6.336  ^ 

31 

1.373 

1 

4|- 10.772 

i 

tc 

7.392   i 

l( 

2.746 

1 

ti. 

14.364 

1 

<t 

8.448|  1 

4* 

4.119 

i 

^ 

3.802 

i 

2oL 

6 

1.109;  h 

(( 

5.492 

i 

(< 

7.604 

i< 

2.218!  1 

(i 

6.865 

f 

K 

11.406 

1 

u 

3.327J  3 

It 

8.237 

1 

tl 

15.208 

1 

♦' 

4.436!  1 

iC 

9.610 

i 

^ 

4.013 

5 

*' 

5.5451 

4< 

10.983 

^- 

ii 

8.02r) 

1 

t< 

6.654   J 

3^ 

1.479 

f 

a 

12.039 

7 
"g 

(> 

7.763  I 

<( 

2.957 

1 

t( 

16.052 

1 

(( 

8.872  % 

a 

4.436 

i 

5 

4.224 

i 

23 

1.162   1 

u 

5.914 

^ 

»t 

8.449 

i 

n 

2.323   § 

u 

7.393 

1 

(C 

12.673 

t 

(( 

3.485^  f 

kC 

8.871 

1 

(( 

16.897 

J 

(I 

4.647i  I 

u 

10.350 

i 

5i 

4.436 

g 

u 

5.8081 

u 

11.828 

4 

(i 

8.871 

i 

<» 

6.970 

4 

3-1- 

1.584 

1 

t( 

13.307 

I 

(• 

8.132 

i 

(( 

3.168 

1 

a 

17.742 

1 

(C 

9.294 

i 

(c 

4.752 

i 

5J 

4.647 

i 

n 

1.215 

h 

(( 

6.336 

T 

<( 

9.294 

.1 

(( 

2.429 

cc 

7.921 

1 

C( 

13.940 

3 

(( 

3.644 

f 

li 

9.505 

1 

a 

18.587 

1 

<c 

4.858 

I 

»( 

11.089 

i 

^ 

4.8.58 

(( 

6.0721' 

" 

12.673 

^> 

li 

9.716 

!.< 

7.287'  ^ 

4 

1.690 

1 

*i 

14.574 

J 

U 

8,502 

i 

1  " 

1  3.380 

1 

" 

19432 

Table  of  Flat  Iron— (CoutinuGd.) 


Thick,  VVidti) 

Weight 

ih'k 

Wth 

Weichtjni-kW'th 

Weight 

in.     1     in. 

in  lbs. 

lU. 

in.       in  lbs.  i  in.      in. 

In  \\v. 

1 

2-?- 

9.716 

h 

5     6.759;   1      6 

•20.321 

•i 

3 

1.267 

f 

(4 

10.138 

I 

« 

2.535 

1 

l( 

13.518 

1 

ii 

3.802 

^ 

4i 

1.795! 

A 

*' 

5.069 

T 

li 

3.591' 

-1 

14 

6.337 

1 

H 

7.181! 

f- 

t( 

7.604 

5 

(( 

8.871 

' 

I 

(( 

10.138 

! 

Weight  of  Copper  Rods  or  Bolts. 
From  1-4  inch  to  3  inches  diameter,  and  1  foot  in  length. 


Diaui. 

~\vriAn — 

Diani. 

U'eigiu 

Diain. 

WeiulTt 

inches. 

in  lbs. 

inches. 

in  lbs. 

inches. 

in   lbs. 

i 

0.1«92 

1 

3.0270 

15 

10.6420 

.'fT 

0.2956 

ItV 

3.4170 

0 

'  12.1082 

1 

0.4256 

1* 

3.8312 

2-^ 

13.6677 

j\ 

0.5794 

h% 

4.2688 

2| 

15.3251 

h 

0.7567 

1| 

4.7298 

2^ 

17.0750 

T% 

0.9578 

ItV 

5.2140 

2A 

1S.9161 

1 

1.1824 

n 

5.7228 

n 

20.8562 

H 

1.4307 

ItV 

6.2547 

'^^ 

22.8913 

f 

1.7027 

i-i 

6.8109 

0? 

25.0188 

h\ 

I-99S2  ■' 

lA  ' 

7.3898 

3 

27  2435 

I    ' 

2.3176 

i| 

7.9931 

ii  ' 

2.6605 

i^ 

9.2702 

Weig-ht  of  Superficial  foot  of  Sheet  Iron,  Copper 
and  Brass.   Thickness  by  the  Wire  Guage. 


No.   !    Iron. 

1 

Copper. 

Brass. 

13.75 

No. 

Iron. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

1   il2.5 

14.5 

16 

2.5 

2.9 

2.75 

2  \12 

13.9 

132 

17 

•2.18 

2.52 

2.4 

3  jll 

12.75 

12.1 

18 

1.86 

2.15 

2.04 

4 

10 

11.6 

11  . 

19 

1.7 

1.97 

1.87 

5 

8.74 

10.1 

9.61 

20 

1.54 

1.78 

1.69 

6 

8.12 

9.4 

8.93 

21 

1.4 

1.62 

1.54 

7 

7.5 

8.7 

8.25 

22 

1.25 

1.45 

1.37 

8 

6.86 

7.9 

7.54 

23 

1.12 

1.3 

1.23 

9 

6.24 

7.2 

6.86 

24 

1 

1.16 

1.1 

10 

5.62 

6.5 

6.18 

25 

0.9 

1.04 

0.99 

11 

5 

5.8 

5.5 

26 

0.8 

0.92 

0.88 

1-2 

4.38 

5.08 

4.81 

27 

0.72 

0.83 

0.79 

13 

3.75 

4.34 

4.12 

28 

0.64 

0.74!  0.7 

14 

3.12 

3.6 

3.46 

29 

0.56 

0.64    0.61 

15 

2.82 

3.27 

3.1 

30 

0.5 

0.58 

0.55 

Capacity  of  Cylindrical  Vessels,  Cisterns,  &c. 
Rule. — Reduce  the  diameter  to  inches,  Multiply  the 
area  of  the  diameter  by  the  length  or  height,  and  the 
product  divided  by  231  will  give  the  standard  gallons. 

inches 


231  cub 

221.164     " 
277.274     '' 


make  the  standard  gallon; 
'•    N.  Y   State.  " 
"         "    Imperial. 


Capacity  of  Cylindrical  Vessels,  Cisterns,  &c. 

Frcm  1  foot  to  10  feet  in  diameter.  To  each  10  inch  in  depth. 


l;i:imeter 

]          Contents 

Diameter 

Contents 

in  leet. 

1         in  gallons. 

in   feet. 

in  gallons. 

1 

1                ^S 

4J 

S^i 

u 

1      n 

U 

99 

Ih 

j     11 

4| 

110.V 

n 

15 

5 

122J- 

o 

19^ 

5i- 

148^ 

k 

24T 

6 

176i- 

2^ 

soi 

6^ 

206| 

2f 

37" 

/ 

239J 

3 

44 

^ 

2754 

^ 

51^^ 

8 

313| 

'^ 

60 

H 

3531 

3f 

6S§ 

9 

396^ 

4 

78 

n 

461^ 

10 

4S9i 

To  I'ind  the  Solidity  of  a  Cube. 

KuLE. — Multiply  the  side  of  a  cube,  in  inches,  bv 
itself,  in  inches,  and  that  produ(;t  again  by  the  side, 
in  inches  ;  and  this  last  product  will  be  the  sohdity  : 
iind  this  solidity  divided  by  231  will  be  it?  content:? 
in  standard  cjftllons. 


To  And  the  solidity  of  a  Parallelopipedon. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  length  in  inches  by  the 
breadth  in  inches,  and  that  product  by  the  depth  in 
inches,  and  that  product  Avill  be  the  solidity.  And 
that  solidity  divided  by  231  will  be  its  contents  in 
;jtandard  jiallons. 


;;o 


Weight  of  Square  KoUed  Iron. 
FEOM 1-4  INCH  TO  8  INCHES.  AND  i  FOOT  IN  LENGTH. 


Sizei  Weight 

Size 

Weight 

Size 

Weight. 

Size.    Weight. 

in.  1      lbs. 

in. 

lbs. 

in. 

lbs. 

in.          lbs. 

l- 

0.21  li.2 

13.520 

3. 

47.534 

7 

165.632 

1 

0.475'2^ 

15.262 

3^ 

50.756 

^1- 

177.672 

1 

0.845  2J~ 

17.112 

4 

54.084 

74 

190.136 

5 
8" 

1.3202f 

19.066 

M 

61.055 

7| 

203.024 

1.9012J- 

21.120 

4i 

68.448 

8 

216.336 

« 

2.58821 

23.292 

4|     76.264 

l' 

3.38021- 

25.560 

5 

84.480 

H 

4.278'25 

27.939 

5'i 

93.168 

ii 

5.280J3 

30.416 

5.^ 

102.204 

H- 

6.3903^ 

33.010 

5| 

111.756 

n 

7.G04 

H 

35.704 

6 

121.664 

4 

8.926 

4 

38.503 

H 

132.040 

i| 

10.352 

Si 

41.408 

6\ 

142.816 

n 

11.883 

^ 

44.418 

^ 

154.012 

31 


Speaking    Trumpets. 

The  efficiency  of  speaking  trumpets  depends  upon 
their  length.  A  man's  voice  may  be  heard  three 
miles,  through  an  instrument  20  to  24  feet  long. 


BRICKS. 

Common  bricks  measure  from  7|  in.  to  8  in.  in 
length,  4:^  in  width,  and  2^  in.  in  thickness.  Front 
brick,  8^  in.  length,  4^  in.  in  width  and  2^  in.  in 
thickness.  A  foot  of  8  in.  wall  contains  when  laid 
15  bricks,  and  lOOsq^uare  feet  contains  1500  bricks. 


HAY. 

10  cubic  yards  of  fine  hay  weigh  1  ton.     12  cubic 
yards  of  coarse  hay  weigh  1  ton. 


Hills  in  an  Acre. 

An  acre  of  ground  contains  at 

1  foot  apart,  43,560  3  feet  apart,  4,840 

2  "       "       10,890  Sh  "       "       3,556 
2i  "       "         6,969 


EARTH. 

23  cubic  feet  of  sand 
18     "       "      "  earth 

17  "       "      "  clay 

18  "       "      "  solid  earth 
27     "       "      "  loose    " 

make  1  ton. 

32 


Table  of  Compositions  in  Relative  Parts. 


<^^J?-|Tin.  Lead.iZinc.j  ^'f:  i^''^'' 

per.                         ;            'mutli.|mony 

2; 

1 

Yellow  Brass. 

3 

1 

Spelter. 

80 

8 

Bronze. 

80 

4 

5 

Bell  Metal. 

3 

1 

Brass. 

18 

2 

Gun  Metal. 

6 

1 

1 

Shaft  Journals. 

8 

1 

Wheels. 

5  112 

15 

Pewter. 

6 

1 

Pinchbeck. 

4 

1 

Type  Metal. 

SOLDERS. 

Tin  1  part,  lead  2  parts,  with  rosin,  for  lead. 
"    5     "       "     1      "  .  bismuth  1  part,  with  rosin, 
for  tin. 

Spelter  with  Borax,  for  Iron. 
Gold        "         "         "     Platina. 
-7  parts  silver,  1  copper,  with  borax,  for  gold. 
2     "     gold,  1  silver,  1  copper,  for  gold. 

2  "     silver,  I  brass,  with  borax,  for  silver. 

4     "         "3     "     1-16  zinc,  wit}i  borax  for  silver. 

3  "     copper,  1  zinc,  with  borax,  for  brass. 


ALLOYS. 

For   Gold,    22  parts   gold,  2  parts    copper,  is    22 
carats  fine. 

20  parts   gold,   4    parts   copper,   is  20 
carats  fine. 

18   parts  gold,   G   parts   cppper,   ia    18 
carats  fine. 

For  Silver,  11  oz.,  2  dwts.  pure  silver,  22  dwts.  cop- 
per, English  standard.  ; 


Table  of  Size  and  Strength  of  Chains. 

Weight  of 
Fathom. 

8  sixteenths  will  carry 

3     tons. 

14  lbs. 

9          "               " 

H    ' 

17     " 

10 

6'     ^ 

24     " 

11 

n  ' 

27     " 

12 

9"     * 

30     » 

13 

11       * 

36     " 

14 

13       ' 

42     '' 

15 

15       * 

50     " 

1  inch 

17       ' 

56     " 

1     "    1" 

19       * 

60     " 

1  "2"             "             12  U     ' 

70     ''  . 

1  '^  3  •'             ''             124"     ' 

78     '* 

1  "4"             "             27       * 

86     '' 

1  "5" 

30       ' 

96     " 

1  "6'^            "             i33       ' 

104     " 

1  "  7 '«             "             36       ' 

115     '' 

1  "8"            " 

40       ' 

125     '' 

4* 


34 


Hemp  Cables. 

C  ire  urn  fere  ice 

VVeig  ii  per 

\Veis:lit  to  bear 

in  inches. 

fathom. 

in  safety. 

3 

2,1 

1080  lbs. 

4 

4, 

1920    " 

U 

4.6 

2160    " 

H 

6,5 

3250    " 

6 

8,4 

4320    " 

7 

11, 

5880    " 

^k 

13, 

5750    '' 

S 

15, 

7680    " 

9 

18,9 

9720    " 

9:^ 

21, 

10830    " 

10 

26,7 

12000    " 

11 

28,2 

14520    " 

12 

23,6 

17280    " 

Turning  and  Boring  Iron. 

Diam,  in 

Revolutions 

Diam.  in 

Revolutions 

inches. 

per  minute.  " 

inches. 

per  muiute. 

1           i 

25. 

10 

2.5 

2         ' 

12.5 

16 

1.66 

3 

8.33 

20 

1.25 

4 

6.25 

25 

1. 

5 

5. 

30 

.833 

6 

4.16 

35 

.714 

7 

3.57 

40 

.625 

8 

3.125 

45 

.56 

9 

2.77 

5«:) 

1           .5 

Turning  requires  double  the  velocity  of  boring.  It 
will  be  observed  the  surface  bored  is  always  the 
same,  viz  :  78.54  inches  per  minute.  Consequently 
turning  will  admit  of  cutting  with  a  stationary  tool 
double  the  surface,  viz  :  157.08inches. 


35 

In  turning  soft  brass  the  velocity  may  be  increased 
one-half,  and  in  using  hand  tools,  the  velocity  may 
be  still  greater  increased. 

In  boring  pipes  and  cylinders,  a  cast  iron  shaft 
should  be  used,  as  it  is  subject  to  less  vibration  than 
wrought  iron,  and  three  cutters  placed  at  tri-angles* 
Cutters  placed  at  right  angles  are  likely  to  chatter. 

Dies  and  Taps  should  have  only  three  cutting 
points  at  tri  angles.  A  screw  or  nut  is  cut  with  more 
ease  and  uniformity  ;  consequently,  taps  and  dies  are 
less  liable  to  be  broken. 

Cast  steel  tools  should  always  be  forged  with  char- 
coal, and  annealed  in  a  charcoal  fire,  which  should 
be  allowed  to  go  out  of  itself,  annealing  in  lime,  or 
any  earthy  matter  is  injuiious  to  the  steel. 


Specific  G-ravities. 

Tha  specific  gravity  of  any  body  of  known  den- 
sity is  the  relative  weight  it  bears  to  any  other  body. 
Water  is  well  adapted  and  is  adopted  for  the  stand- 
ard; its  weight  is  1000  ounces  the  cubic  foot,  and 
is  taken  as  the  unit. 

To  find  the  Specific  Gravity. 

EuLE. —  Weigh  the  body  out  of  ivater  and  then  in 
the  water.  Then  as  the  difference  lust  in  water  is  to 
the  lohole  u-eight,  so  is  1000  io  the  specijic  gravity 
of  that  body. 

Example.  What  is  the  specific  gravity  of  a  body 
that  weighs  20  lbs.  out  of  the  water,  and  15  lbs.  in  the 
water  ? 

Diff.  Whole  weight.    Grav.  of  Water. 
5    :    20     :    :     1000    :     4000  Ans. 


36 


Table  of  Specific  Gravities. 


METALS. 

Arsenic, 
Antimony,  cast, 
Bismuth, 
Bronze, 
Brass, 

Copper, 

Gold,  pure  cast. 

Silver,  "      " 

Platinum, 

Steel,  soft, 

Tin, 

Zinc, 

Lead, 

Mercury, 

Iron,  Yrrought, 

Iron,  cast, 

Nickel,  cast, 

WOODS. 

Alder, 

Ash, 

Beech, 

Walnut, 

Pitch  Pine, 

Maple, 

Teak, 

Ebony, 

Cedar, 

Cork, 

Elder, 

Lignum  Vita;, 

Hacmetac, 

Mahogany, 

"White  Pine, 

STONES. 

Marble, 
Porcelain, 
Paving  Stone, 


Gravity. 


5.763!Sand, 

6.702|Brick, 

7.823  Granite, 

8.700' Slate, 

7.820IChalk, 

8.788|Limestone, 
19.258Nitre, 
10.474  Glass,  White 


22.069 
7.833 


RESIXS, 

Wax, 


&c. 


Gravity 


7.291'Bone,  ox 

7.190,Tallow, 
11:352  India  Rubber, 
13.568;  Spermaceti, 

7.778.Indigo, 

7.207j  LIQUIDS. 

7.807iBlood,  human 
\  Alcohol, 
.800  Vitriol, 
.760iOil,  olive 
696|Mllk, 
.6  71 1  Vinegar, 
.560;Proof  spiiit, 
.750!  Ether, 
.74 5 1  Acid,  nitric j 
1.331  Water,  fresh 
.596!wine, 

.245|  ELASTIC  FLUIDS. 

1. 6 95  j  Air  at  earths  sur- 
1.333',         face, 

.592  Carbonic  acid, 
1.0C3Jiydrogen, 

.554.  Oxygen, 

I  Steam  at  212® 
2.686|Alcohol  vapor, 
2.385, Smoke,  Bit.  coal 
2.4101      «      wood 


1.800 
2.000 
2.652 
2.672 

2.784 
3.179 
1.900 
2.892 

.897 
.1658 
.945 
.933 
.943 
1.009 


.715 
1.217 

1.000 
.992 


.12-7 
1.524 

.070 
1.104 

.490 
1.613 

.102 

.090 


37 

Miscellaneous  Observations. 

Still  water  curves  8  inches  to  the  mile  ;  which 
shows  the  convexity  of  the  earth's  surface. 

Observations  on  Sounds. 

If  a  person  apply  his  ear  to  a  long  piece  of  timber 
the  scratch  of  a  pin  at  the  other  end  may  be  distinct- 
ly heard,  while  it  could  not  be  heard  through  air. 

By  placing  the  ear  to  a  long,  dry  brick  wall,  and 
causing  a  person  to  strike  with  a  hammer  at  the  other 
end  the  sound  will  be  heard  twice,  because  the  wall 
will  convey  it  with  greater  rapidity  than  the  air> 
though  each  will  bring  it  to  the  ear. 

Sound  passing  through  the  air  moves  at  the  rate  of 
1142  feet  in  a  second. 

The  air  is  a  better  conductor  of  sound  when  huniid 
than  when  dry.  A  bell  can  be  heard  more  distinctly 
just  before  a  rain  or  in  the  night,  because  the  atmos- 
phere is  more  damp.  Music  always  sounds  best  in 
the  nicrht. 


Heat  or  Caloric 

Implies  the  sensation  produced  by  bringing  one  body 
in  contact  with  another  of  a  higher  temperature. 
On  touching  a  hot  body,  caloric  passes  from  it  and 
excites  the  feeling  of  warmth.  When  we  place  our 
hand  upon  a  body  of  lower  temperature,  heat  passes 
from  the  hand  to  it,  and  that  jaroduces  the  sensation 
of  cold.  Caloric  passes  through  different  bodies  with 
different  degrees  of  velocity. 


38 

The  relative  conducting  power  of  different  bodies 
may  be  found  in  tlie  followiu'' 


Gold, 

■I.  n  1  »■* 

1000 

Lead, 

180 

Platinum, 

.     981 

Marble, 

24 

Silver, 

973 

Porcelain 

12 

Copper, 

898 

Fire  brick, 

11 

Iron, 

374 

Fire  clay, 

11 

Zinc, 

363 

Brass, 

770 

Tin, 

304 

With  Water  as 

the  Standard. 

Water, 

10 

Elm, 

32 

Pine, 

39 

Ash, 

31 

Lime, 

39 

Apple, 

28 

Oak, 

33 

Ebony, 

22 

Eelative   Conducting   Power  of  different 
Substances  Compared  with  Each  Other. 


Hare's  Fur, 

1,315 

Cotton, 

1,046 

Eider  down, 

1,305 

Lint, 

1,032 

Beaver's  Fur, 

1,296 

.  Charcoal, 

,937 

Kaw  Silk, 

1,294 

\Vood  Ashes, 

,927 

Wool, 

1,118 

Sewing  Silk, 

,917 

Lamp  Black, 

1,117 

Air, 

,576 

FLU 

IDS. 

Mercury, 

^JRoo 

j  Proof  Spirit, 

,312 

Water, 

,357 

;  Alcohol, 

,23-2 

39 

Radiation  of  Heat. 

Bodies  which  radiate  heat  best,  absorb  it  best. 
Radiation  is  affected  by  the  nature  of  the  bodies; 
thus,  black  bodies  radiate  more  heat  than  Wrtht 


Radiating 

Power  of  Different  Bodies. 

Water 

100 

Blackned  Tin,            100 

Lamp  Black, 

100 

Clean          "                  lO 

lr^'^itin^  Paper, 

100 

Scraped      "                  16 

Glass,  ^ 

90 

Ice,                                85 

Bright  Lead, 

19 

Mercurj,                        20 

India  Ink, 

88 

Polished  Iron,               15 

Silver, 

12 

Copper,                         12 

Radiation   is 

the 

reverse  of  Reflection;  the  one 

diminishes  as  the  other  increases. 

Observations  on  Metals. 

The  metals  are  distinguished  by  their  possessing 
the  following  properties :  tenacity,  malleability,  duc- 
tility, lustre,  fusibility  and  opacity.  They  are  good 
conductors  of  caloric,  electricity  and  galvanism. 

Metals  are  generally  found  in  mountainous  coun- 
tries. 

All  metals  are  fusible  and  susceptible  of  crystaliza- 
tion. 

Cast  iron  will  run  like  water  at  a  heat  that  will  not 
soften  platina. 


PLATINA 

Holds  the  pre-eminence  of  all  other  bodies  in  point  of 
weight.    The  strongest  acids  have  no  effect  on  it,  and 


W 


40 

it  requires  the  strongest  fire  assisted  by  oxygen  gas  to 
melt  it.     It  is  found  in  tLe  gold  mines  of  Peru* 


GOLD 

Is  next  to  platina  in  point  of  weiglit  and  indestructi- 
bility, and  is  the  most  malleable  of  all  metals.  One 
grain  can  be  made  to  cover  a  surface  of  more  than 
400  square  inches. 

lyLERCUIlY 

Is  next  in  point  of  weight  to  platina.  It  ceases  to  be 
fluid  at  the  temperature  of  39°,  when  it  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  polished  silver.  Mercury,  when  frozen, 
produces  the  same  sensation  to  the  touch  that  red  hot 
iron  does. 


PALLADIUM 

Has  very  much  the  appearance  of  platina.  It  takes 
a  good  polish,  and  is  very  malleable.  It  is  found  with 
platina. 

LEAD 

Is  the  softest  and  least  clastic  and  sonorous  of  all  me- 
tals. Lead  ore  frequently  contains  silver,  and  often 
bismuth  and  antimony. 

SILVER 

Is  found  in  most  all  countries  containing  mines.  It  is 
often  found  in  its  native  state,  but  is  most  commonly 
found  combined  with  copper.  The  celebrated  moun- 
tain of  Potosi  is  represented  by  travellers  to  be  stud- 
ded from  top  to  bottom  with  veins  of  silver.    It  is 


41 


generally  alloyed  "with  copper  for  the  purpose  of  coln- 
ajre. 


COPPER 

la  sometimes  found  native.  It  is  not  much  inferior  to 
silver  in  malleability.  Copper  unites  freely  with  an- 
timony, and  forms  an  alloy  of  a  beautiful  violet  color. 


TIN 

Is  a  metal  intermedial  between  lead  and  silver.  It 
cannot  be  fused  vrith  any  metal  lighter  than  itself. 
Its  ores  are  generally  found  in  granite.  It  exhibits  a 
crackling:  noise  in  bendin*?. 


ZINC. 

Zinc  fuses  with  most  of  the  metals.  It  is  neither 
malleable  or  ductile.  "When  united  with  other  met- 
als in  equal  quantities  it  makes  a  very  hard,  white 
nnetal,  capable  of  taking  a  fine  polish,  and  not  liable  to 
tarnish. 


BISMUTH. 
Bismuth  is  also  known  by  the  name  of  Isinglass  ;  it 
combines  with  most  of  the  metals.  Its  use  is  to 
increase  the  fusibility  of  other  metals.  Bismuth  is 
often  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Pewter  or  Brittania 
ware.  Used  in  small  quantities,  it  makes  harder  and 
brighter  metal,  and  is  more  sonorous.  Bismuth,  8 
parts,  and  lead,  5  parts,  forms  a  metal  that  will  meU 
in  boiling  water. 
4 


42 


ANTIMONY 

Ts  an  exceedingly  brittle  metal ;  neither  malleable 
nor  ductile.  It  may  be  reduced  to  powder.  Antimo- 
ny will  combine  "with  most  metals.  It  is  used  as  the 
best  ingredient  with  lead,  for  printing  types,  as  it 
gives  a  lively,  sharp  impression.  3  parts  tin,  2  parts 
lead  and  1  part  antimony,  will  make  good  nails  for 
soft  woods. 


Relative  Degrees  of  Hardness  and  Lustre 
of  Metals. 

Hardness.  |  Lustre. 


Splendent. 

Shining, 

Glistening^ 

Glmmering, 

Dull, 


Ircm, 
Platina, 
Copper, 
Silver, 
Gold, 
Tin, 
Lead 

800  degrees  of  heat  give  all  solid  bodies  a  lumin- 
ous appearance. 

Glass  can  be  drilled,  like  metal,  by  using  a  solution 
of  camphor  in  turpentine  on  the  common  cast  steel 
drill. 

Equal  parts  of  copper  and  nickel  m.ake  a  fine,  white 
metal,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish. 


German  Silver. 
Copper,  4  parts;  nickel,  1,  and  zinc  1  —  rneli. 


43 

Silver  Imitation. 

One  ounce  of  tin  to  one  pound  of  copper,  mcUcd, 
■will  make  a  pale  l)ell  [metal  that  >vill  roil  and  rinfj 
very  much  like  sterling  silver. 


Imitation  of  Gold  Bronze. 

Melt  two  ounces  of  tin,  and  mix  with  one  ounce  of 
mercury.  y»'hen  this  is  cold,  pulverize  it,  and  add 
one  ounce  of  muriate  of  ammonia  and  one  ounce  of 
sulphur;  grind  all  together.  Put  the  compound  in  a 
clear  fire,  (carefully  avoiding  the  fumes,)  till  the 
mercury  sublimates  and  rises  in  a  vapor.  When  the 
vapor  ceases  to  rise,  take  the  flask  from  the  fire.  A 
flaky,  gold  colored  powder  will  remain  in  the  fiaek, 
which  can  be  applied  to  ornamental  work  the  same  as 
gold  bronze. 


Bronzing  Metals. 

A  solution  of  sal-ammoniac  and  salt  of  sorrel,  in 
vinegar,  for  metals,  the  more  coats  applied  the  deeper 
the  color. 

For  wood,  plaster  figures,  &c,  a  composition  of  yel- 
low ochre,  Prussian  Blue  and  lampblack,  dissolved  in 
glue  water. 

Steam  Engine. 

The  author  of  this  work  will  only  give  a  synopsi:? 

of  mechanical  rules  and  observations,  which  have  been 

practically  tested ;  therefore,  he  will  not  enter  into 

the  detail  and  unmxcifarv  formulae  which  generaJlv 


44 


accompany  mechanical  works.  Nearly  all  scientific 
laws  in  mechanical  operations  need  the  modifying 
assistance  of  practical  workmen  to  render  mechanical 
construction  more  available  for  practical  uses. 

A  general  rule  for  estimating  the  power  of  a  high 
pressure  steam  engine : 

It  is  common,  in  calculating  the  power  of  engines, 
to  suppose  a  horse  to  draw  200  lbs.  at  the  rate  of  2i 
miles  or  220  feet  per  minute,  with  a  continual  draw- 
ing the  weight  over  a  pulley.  Consequently  200  X  220 
=44000  lbs.  in  one  minute,  or  one  pound  44000  per 
minute,  is  an  estimated  horse  power  for  this  work. 

Watt's  estimate  is  32,000  feet  per  minute,  and 
Smeaton's  27,000  ftet  per  minute. 

TABLE. 


Length  of 

Number 

Feet  per 

stroke. 

of  strokes. 

minute. 

2 

43 

172 

3 

32 

192 

4 

25 

200 

5 

21 

210 

6 

19 

228 

7 

17 

238 

8 

15 

240 

9 

14 

252 

The  stroke  of  an  engine  is  twice  the  length  of  the 
crank. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  area  of  the  cylinder  by  tks 
effective  pressure;  say  10  lbs.,  the  'product  is  the  weight 
the  engine  can  raise.      Multiply  this  weight  by  the 


45 

number  of  feet  the  piston  travels  per  minute,  uhich 
will  give  the  momentum,  or  weight  the  engine  can  lift 
one  foot  high  per  minute;  divide  this  momentum  by  a 
horse  power,  as  before  given,  and  the  quotient  will  be 
the  horse  power. 

Example.  —  What  is  the  po^ver  of  an  engine,  the 
diameter  of  the  cylinder  being  42  inches,  and  the 
stroke  5  feet  ? 

1385.4x210-^44000=66.11,  horse  power. 

Steam  Wats.  —  The  induction  of  the  steam  pipe 
ought  to  be  one  twentieth  the  area  of  the  cylinder — 
the  eduction  pipe  should  be  a  little  larger  than  the 
induction. 

Opening  Valves  should  be  one  t^\enty-fifth  the 
area  of  the  cylinder. 

Force  Pumps  should  be  one  fiftieth  part  of  the 
area  of  the  cylinder. 

Piston  Rods  should  be  one  eighth  the  diameter  of 
the  cylinder. 

CoKNECTiNG  RoDS.  —  Their  diameter  in  the  neck 
should  be  the  same  as  the  piston;  the  centre  size 
should  be  found  in  the  following  manner:  —  As  .75, 
the  stroke  of  the  piston,  is  to  the  length  of  the  body 
of  the  rod,  so  is  the  area  of  the  neck  to  the  area  of 
the  centre. 

Cranks.  —  When  of  cast  iron,  their  hubs  should  be 
twice  the  diameter  of  the  shaft  upon  which  they  are 
placed — their  depth  half  their  diameter. 
4* 


46 


The  balance  or  fly  wheel  is  used  to  bring  the  crank 
past  the  centres. 

Rule.  —  To  find  its  weight,  Multiply  the  number 
of  horse  poiver  of  the  engine  hy  2000,  and  divide  by 
the  square  of  the  velocity  of  the  circumference  of  the 
wheel  per  second;  the  quotient  will  be  the  weight  in 
hundrad  weights. 


CYLINDERS. 

The  relative  thickness  of  cylinders  should  be  as  fol- 
lows : 


Uiameter 

I'ressure 

'i'liicknetis 

in  inches. 

in  poiiDda. 

in 

inches 

6 

75 

1 

10 

75 

% 

12 

75 

i 

20 

75 

1 

24 

75 

i| 

Cylinders  require  greater  thickness  when  set  in  a 
horizontal  position  than  when  inclined  or  vertical. 

The  length  of  journals  should  be  In  proportion  to 
their  diameter  as  5  to  4,  and  sometimes  it  may  be  in- 
creased in  the  ratio  of  3  to  2,  to  advantage. 

BOILERS. 

ANTHRACITE    COAL,  WITH    A    BLOWER. 

For  a  pressure  of  steam  of  50  lbs.  to  the  square 
inch,  with  a  cut-off  at  half  stroke,  internal  furnace 
and  flues,  there  should  be  from  60  to  65  square  feet 
of  fire  and  flue  surface,  for  every  cubic  foot  in  the 
cylinder. 


47 


GfeATES.  —  Their  area  should  be  four  times  the 
cubic  feet  in  the  cylinder. 

Steam  Room.  —  There  should  be  from  8  to  10 
times  the  space  there  is  in  the  cylinder. 

BOILERS  WITH  EXTERNAL  FURNACE  AND 
RETURN  FLUES. 

For  100  lbs.  pressure  to  the  square  inch,  cut  off  at 
half  stroke,  there  should  be  from  35  to  45  square  feet 
for  every  cubic  foot  in  the  cylinder. 

Grates.  — Four  times  the  square  feet  to  the  cu- 
bic feet  in  the  cylinder. 

Steam  Eoom.  —  Eight  to  ten  times  the  amount  in 
the  cylinder. 
CYLINDER    boilers,  WITH    EXTERNAL    FURNACE 
AND    FLUE. 

For  a  pressure  of  100  lbs.  per  square  inch,  cut  off 
at  one  half  stroke,  their  length  not  exceeding  30  feet, 
there  should  be  from  35  to  45  square  feet  of  surface. 

Grates  should  be  G  times  in  square  feet  to  the  cu- 
bic feet  of  the  cylinder. 

Steam  Room.  —  There  should  be  from  6  to  8  times 
the  space  there  is  in  the  cylinder. 

These  calculations  are  based  upon  the  evaporation 
of  fresh  water ;  if  sea  water  is  used,  the  fire  surface 
must  be  somewhat  increased. 

Furnaces  for  coal  should  be  from  2^  to  3  feet  in 
height,  over  grate  bars.  For  wood,  from  4i  to  5  feet, 
over  grate  bars. 

Note.  —  The  preceding  Rules  are  all  variable,  according 
to  the  necessity  of  the  case  or  the  judgment  of  the  me- 
chanic. 


48 
MISCELLANEOUS    RECIPES. 

Etching  on  Iron,  Copper,  &c. 

Llelt  a  thin  coat  of  beeswax  on  the  article  to  be 
marked,  then  mark,  or  draw  with  a  steel  point,  your 
object,  and  apply  aquafortis,  and  in  ten  minutes  clean 
the  whole,  and  your  object  is  accomplished. 


Brown  Mortar. 

Thomaston  lime,  1  part, 

Clean  river  sand,  2    " 

With  a  small  quantity  of  hair.    !Mix  with  watei". 


CEMENTS. 

For  cast  iron  pipes,  14  lbs.  of  cast  iron  boring,  h  lb- 
of  powdered  sal-ammoniac,  2  oz.  flour  of  sulphur  and 
water  to  mix.  If  not  used  within  a  few  hours,  it 
should  be  covered  with  water  until  wanted. 

Another.  —  For  flanges  of  pipes,  10  lbs.  cast  iron 
boring,  j^  lb.  muriate  ammoniac,  2  oz.  sulphur,  linseed 
oil  and  white  lead,  or  water  to  mix. 

For  bells,  dissolve  in  good  brandy  a  sufiicient  quan- 
tity' of  isinglass  to  render  it  as  thick  as  molasses,  and 
let  it  harden. 

For  glass,  isinglass  dissolved  in  gin. 

For  mending  stone  and  casing  walls,  clean  river 
sand  20  parts,  litharge,  2  parts,  and  quicklime  2  parti-, 
mix  with  linseed  oil  to  a  thin  putty.  It  soon  becomes 
as  hard  as  stone. 


49 

For  steam  boilers,  steam  engines,  f^c,  M-hite  lead  in 
oil,  4  parts,  cast  iron  borings,  4  pajts,  with  a  small 
proportion  of  sal-ammoniac. 

For  leather^  isinglass,'dissolved  m  good  brandy,  and 
thickened  to  the  consistency  of  paste  with  gum  arabic 
dissolved  in  water. 

For  glass  and  china  ware,  dissolve  isinglass  in  alcho- 
hol,  to  which  add  a  little  gum  resin.  AVhen  used,  it 
should  be  gently  warmed,  and  when  laid  by  it  should 
be  tightly  corked. 

A  cetnent  that  will  resist  the  weather  equal  to  mar- 
ble, may  be  made  of  ashes,  2  parts,  clay,  3  parts,  and 
sand,  1  part,  mixed  with  linseed  oil. 

For  crockery  and  china  ware^  common  white  lead 
in  good  linseed  oil,  is  an  excellent  cement  for  com- 
mon crockery  and  crockery  and  china  ware.  After 
cementing,  lay  the  articles  by  until  they  become  per- 
fectly hard,  when  they  are  fit  for  use. 


Fire-Proof  Cement. 

Vinegar,  1  pint,  and  milk  in  an  equal  quantity.  — 
Mix,  and  pour  off  the  whey  from  the  curd,  and  add 
to  the  whey  5  or  6  eggs.  When  mixed,  add  a  little 
quicklime  through  a  seive,to  the  consistency  of  paste. 
Broken  vessels,  cemented  with  this,  will  resist  the  ac- 
tion of  water  as  well  as  fire,  to  a  great  degree. 


50 

Lacker  for  Fire- Arms. 

Beeswax,  18  parts  ;  boiled  linseed  oil  4  parts,  ilix 
with  spirits  of  turpentine.  Heat  the  "whole  with  a 
gentle  fire,  being  careful  not  to  get  too  hot  until  well 
mixed^ 


Lacker  for  Bright  Iron  Work. 

Boiled  linseed  oil,  80  parts;  v/hite  lead  in  oil,  11 
parts ;  litharge,  5  parts  ;  pulverized  rosin,  2  partF. 
JSimmer  the  oil  and  litharge  over  a  slow  fire,  for  two 
or  three  hours.  Strain  it,  and  add  the  white  lead  and 
rosin,  and  stir  it  over  a  gentle  fire  until  the  rosin  is 
dissolved. 


To  Petrify  Wood. 

Gem  salt,  rock  alum,  white  vinegar,  chalk,  and  peb 
bles  powder,  in  equal  quantities,  mjxed,  will  petrify 
wood  or  any  porous  substance,  in  four  or  five  days. 


j^To  "Write  a  permanent  Black  on  Silver. 

Pulverized  burnt  lead  mixed  with  sulphur  and  vin- 
egar. Write,  then  apply  it  [to  the  fire,  to  heat  tlie 
plate  a  little,  when  the  writing  is  made  permanent. 


To  prevent  Iron  from  Corroding. 
Bum  in,  with  a  gentle  heat,  clean  white  wax,  and 
rub  it  well  with  a  woolen  cloth.      This  will  prevent 
iron  from  rusting. 


51 

Water-proof  Mixture  for  Leather,  Boots 
and  Shoes. 

Dissolve  in  neat's  foot  oil,  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
India  rubber  to  form  a  varnish.  The  oil  mu^t  be  kept 
in  a  warm  place,  for  three  or  four  days,  and  the  india 
rubber  put  in  in  thin  shavings,  and  when  thoroughly 
dissolved,  apply  it  to  the  boots. 


Ivory. 

To  soften  ivory,  take  15  parts  pure  rain  water,  3 
parts  spirits  of  nitre,  and  mix.  Put  in  your  ivory, 
and  in  three  or  four  days  it  will  yield  to  the  pressure 
of  the  finders. 


Lacker  for  Brass. 

Mix. 


beed  lac,        1  ounce. 

Stick  lac,        h      " 

Alcohol,  1  quart. 

Place  the  whole  in  a  glass  bottle,  where  it  will 
keep  warm,  for  24  hours,  during  which  time  it  should 
be  well  shaken,  when  it  should  be  strained  through  a 
close  flannel.  When  applied,  the  work  should  be 
warm,  and  laid  on  with  a  camel's  hair  b^-usL 

Another. —  Seed  lac,  3oz.,  spirits  of  wine,  1  pint. 
After  straining,  sometime,  pour  it  off,  and  keep  it  for 
use  in  well  stopped  bottles. 

Iron  Blacking. 
Dissolve  one  pound  of  asphaltum  in  one  quart  of 
spirits  of  turpentine,  in  a  warm  place,  taking  care  not 


52 


to  get  it  on  fire  When  it  cools,  if  too  thick,  add 
more  spirits  of  turpentine.  This  is  a  cheap,  simple 
and  most  excellent  blacking.  When  not  in  use,  it 
should  be  excluded  from  the  air  as  much  as  possible, 
as  it  evaporates  easy. 


Black  Varnish  for  Iron. 

Asphaltum,  1  lb.,  litharge,  2  oz.,  lampblack,  1  oz., 
spirits  of  turpentine,  3  pints.  Dissolve  -with  a  gentle 
heat,  after  which  add  one  quart  of  Japan.  If  too 
thick,  reduce  with  spirits  of  turpentine.  Keep  this, 
also,  excluded  from  the  air. 


Hardening  Large  Steels. 
Heat  the  article  in  a  charcoal  furnace  (using  any 
quantity  of  old  horns,  hoofs,  &c.)  moderately,  so  that 
the  heat  may  be  equally  diffused.  ,  When  cherry  red, 
lower  as  suddenly  as  possible,  about  three  inches  be- 
low the  surface  of  water,  (  a  little  salted,  )  with  the 
face  up,  then  have  water  ready,  sufficient  to  pour  a 
continual  stream  upon  the  centre  of  the  face,  until  it 
is  completely  cool,  when  it  will  come  out  as  hard  in 
the  centre  as  on  the  edges.  But  for  this  process,  the 
heat  in  large  bodies  is  so  long  retained  in  the  centre, 
that  it  is  an  extremely  difficult  matter  to  accomplish 
a  thorough  hardening. 


To  Remove  Mildew  from  Linen. 
Rub  it  'well  with  soap  and  powdered  chalk.     Then 
spread  it  in  the  sun  to  dry,  and  as  it  dries,  wet  with 


53 

water  a  little  two  or  three  times,  when  it  will  be  com- 
pletely removed. 


A  Gilding  Varnish. 

Spirits  of  wine,  half  a  pint,  saffron,  one  drachm, 
dragon's  blood,  half  a  drachm,  soccotrine  aloes.  Mix. 

Another.  —  Spirits  of  wine,  half  a  pint ;  saffron, 
one  drachm;  dragon's  blood,  half  a  drachm;  socco- 
trine aloes,  two  drachms.  Add  a  proportionate  quan- 
tity of  shellac  varnish,  place  it  on  a  gentle  fire,  and 
simmer  well  together,  and  it  is  fit  for  use. 


Tinning  Iron. 
Clean  the  iron  well,  either  by  scraping  or  filing  ; 
then  rub  sal-ammoniac  powder  over  it,  or  muriatic 
acid.     Place  it  in  the  melted  tin  and  stir  until  it  ia 
well  coated. 


Soldering  Iron. 

Clean  the  iron  well  with  the  file,  and  warm  the 
iron.  Apply  muriatic  acid  to  the  part  to  be  soldered, 
and  use  the  common  soft  solder,  with  the  soldering 
copper.  Powdered  rosin  used  instead  of  muriatic  acid, 
if  more  convenient,  will  do. 


Scaling  Cast  Iron. 
Take  vitriol,  one  part ;  water,  two  parts.    Mix,  and 
lay  on  the  diluted  vitriol  with  some  old  cloth  made  in 
the  form  of  a  brush,  enough  to  wet  the  surface  well. 
5 


54 


Let  it  stand  eight  or  ten  hours,  and  wash  off  vf'iih. 
water,  when  the  hard  scaly  surface  will  be  completely 
removed.  This  method  is  universally  adopted  by 
machinists  in  cleaning  their  castings. 


Cast  Iron  Ornaments. 

Diluted  sulphuric  acid,  applied  to  cast  iron  orna- 
ments, or  castings  of  any  description,  oxidizes  the 
surface,  and'  renders  it  susceptible  of  being  finished 
with  a  scraper,  where  it  cannot  be  reached  with  files. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  keep  it  free  from  hands  and 
clothing.  This  recipe  alone  has  been  eold  for  five 
dollars.     Sulphuric  acid  1  pai't ;  water  2  to  3  parts. 


Iron  Lustre. 
Is  obtained  by  dissolving  a  piece  of  zinc  with  muri- 
atic acid,  and  mLxing  the  solution  with  the  spirit  of  tar? 
and  applying  it  to  the  surface  of  iron. 


Silver  Plating. 

The  process  is  similar  for  copper,  brass  or  iron. 
After  smoothing  the  surface  of  the  article  to  be  pla- 
ted, it  should  be  made  red  hot  and  plunged  into  very 
dilute  nitric  acid,  till  it  be  bright  and  clean.  It  should 
then  be  warmed  to  such  a  degree  that  would  cause  a 
slight  hissing  sound  in  water,  aud  in  that  state  it  is 
dipped  in  a  very  weak  aquafortis.  It  is  then  hea,t  to 
a  blue  color,  and  the  silver  leaf  applied  in  double 
thicknesses,  and  fixed  with  steel  burnishers.    After 


55 


applying  two  silver  leaves,  the  piece  must  be  heated 
as  before,  and  4  additional  leaves  applied,  -with  the 
burnisher,  and  so  on,  4  or  6  leaves  at  a  time,  until  SO, 
40,  50  or  60  leaves  have  been  applied,  according  to 
the  desired  solidity  of  the  plating.  It  is  then  burnish- 
ed down  with  great  pressure  and  skill,  until  a  uniform 
silvery  aspect  has  been  acquired. 


"Silver  Wash. 
One  part  of  silver  precipitate,  with  10  parts  of 
cream  tartar,  mixed  and  applied  with  a  wet  soft  leath- 
er, after  which  it  should  be  washed  and  varnished. 


Another, 
A  mixture  of  1  part  of  silver  powder,  precipitated 
by  copper ;  2  parts  of  cream  tartar,  and  as  much 
common  salt.  This  should  be  applied  as  before,  and 
"washed  in  weak  soap  suds,  and  wiped  dry  before  the 
fire. 


Another. 
The  white  curd  obtained  by  adding  a  solution  of 
common  salt,  to  one  of  nitrate  of  silver.  Is  to  be 
well  washed  and  dried :  one  part  of  this  powder  is  to 
be  mixed  with  3  parts  of  good  pearl  ash,  one  of  wash- 
ed whiting,  and  Ih  of  sea  salt.  After  cleaning  the 
surface  of  the  article,  it  should  be  rubbed  with  a  soft 
leather  or  cork,  moistened  with  water,  and  dipped  in 
the  powder.  The  silvering  should  then  be  washed, 
dried  and  varnished.  1 


56 


Leather  is  Silvered  by  applying  a  coat  of  spirit 
varnish  to  the  snrAicc,  and  then  silver  leaf  with  pres- 
sure. 


Staining  Woods. 

Yellow.  —  Diluted  nitric  acid  produces  a  yellow 
surface. 

Red. — A  solution  of  dragon's  blood  in  spirits  of 
wine  produces  a  red  surface. 

Black. — A  strong  solution  of  nitric  acid  produces 
a  black. 

Mahogony.  —  Madder  and  logwood  dissolved  in 
hot  water  produces  mahogany. 

Green. — A  solution  of  verdigris  in  nitric  acid  pro- 
duces a  green.  • 

Then  dipped  Into  a  hot  solution  of  pearlash,  pro- 
duces a  blue. 

Purple. — A  solution  of  sal-ammoniac  in  nitric  acid 
produces  a  purple. 


Indelible  Ink. 

Two  drachms  of  nitrate  of  silver  added  to  a  weak 
solution  of  tincture  of  galls ;  to  be  used  with  a  pen . 

To  be  used  with  a  brush  or  type,  add  gum  arable, 
to  thicken  It. 

Another. — Three  drachms  of  nitrate  of  silver  to 
half  a  pint  of  pure  rain  water.  Moisten  the  cloth  in 
either  case,  with  salt  of  tartar,  or  alum-water.  Dry 
and  iron  smooth.     Write  with  a  pen. 


57 


For  Hardening  a  Whitewash. 

Witli  half  a  pailful  of  common  white-wash,  add  half 
a  pint  of  flour.  Pour  on  boiling  water  in  a  sufficient 
quantity  to  thicken  it-  Then  add  to  six  gallons  of  the 
lime  and  water,  and  stir  well. 


Shoe  Blacking. 

Ivory  black,  3  oz.,  vinegar,  1  qt.,  oil  of  vitriol,  1-2 
oz.,  loaf  sugar,  1-2  lb.,  sweet  oil,  1  oz.  Mix  together 


To  Soften  Horn. 

Wood  ashes,  1  lb.,  quicklime,  2  lbs.  Boil  in  one 
quart  of  water  until  reduced  to  one  third ;  then  dip  a 
feather  into  it,  and  if  the  plumes  come  off  on  drawitg 
it  out,  it  is  boiled  enough.  AVhen  it  settles,  filter  it 
off,  and  in  the  strained  liquor  add  shavings  of  horc. 
Let  them  soak  for  three  days,  when  by  rubbing  a  lit- 
tle oil  on  your  hands,  you  can  work:  and  'mould  the 
horn  into  any  shape  you  wish. 


Watchmaker's  Oil. 

A  slip  of  sheet  lead,  immersed  in  a  bottle  of  pure 
olive  oil,  and  placed  in  a  window,  where  it  may  re- 
ceive the  sun's  rays,  has  the  effect  to  raise  upon  the 
surface  of  the  oil  a  curdy  mass,  which  soon  settles  to 
the  bottom,  leaving  a  limpid  and  colorless  oil,  which 
being  decanted  off  for  use,  is  unsurpassed. 
5» 


58 


Iron  Rust. 
To  extract  iron  rust  from  linen  :  purchase  an  ounce 
of  oxalic  acid,  at  any  apothecary's ;  put  a  few  of  the 
crystals  on  the  iron  spot  to  be  removed,  and  pour  hot 
water  on  them,  and  the  iron  rust  will  immediately 
disappear.  It  is  a  poison,  and  should  be  labeled  and 
placed  beyond  the  reach  of  children. 


Suffocation. 
A  wet  silk  handkerchief  placed  over  the  face,  is  a 
good  security  against  suffocation  and  smoke  ;  it  per- 
mits free  breathing,  and  excludes  the  smoke  from  the 
lunss. 


Ether  for  Tooth  Ache. 

On  pouring  a  little  ether  upon  the  hand  and  apply- 
ing it  to  the  forehead  or  cheek,  the  pain  will  immedi- 
ately cease. 


Hedge  Pence. 

Cherokee  Rose  makes  the  most  magnificent  and  du- 
rable hedge  fence.  No  animal  without  wings  can  get 
over  or  through  it,  and  when  in  bloom  fills  the  air 
with  the  most  delicious  perfume. 


Alleviation  from  Cough. 

A  small  piece  of  resin  placed  in  warm  water  upon 
a  stove,  adds  a  peculiar  property  to  the  atmosphere  in 


59 


a  room,  and  will  give  great  relief  to  persons  troubled 
with  a  cough.  The  experiment  is  simple,  and  worth 
trying. 


Earthen  Ware. 

Earthern  ware  is  glazed  with  lead.  Acids  dissolve 
it,  and  is  therefore  dangerous  to  use  it  for  some  pur- 
poses. Pickles  and  vinegar  should  be  kept  in  glass 
jars.     Preserves  likewise. 


Marble  Fire  Places, 
Should  never  be  washed  with  soap  suds,  but  rubbed 
with  a  nice  oiled  cloth,  and  then  with  a  dry  soft  rag. 
Good  furniture  treat  in  the  same  way.      A  silk  rag  is 
best.     The  result  is  a  very  fine  polish. 


The  Cook's  Weights  and  Measures. 
AVheat  Flour,  1  pound  is  I  quart.  Indian  Meal,  1 
pound,  2  ounces,  is  1  quart.  Butter,  when  soft,  1 
pound,  1  ounce,  is  1  quart.  Loaf  Sugar,  1  pound, 
broken,  is  1  quart.  White  Sugar,  1  pound,  1  ounce, 
powdered,  is  1  quart.  Best  Brown  Sugar,  1  pound, 
2  ounces,  is  1  quart.  Eggs,  average  size,  10  Eggs  1 
pound. 

Liquid  Measure. 
16  large  table-spoonsful,  h  pint. 
8      "  "  1  gill. 


60 

4  larf»e  spoonsful,  1  glass. 
A  common  sized  tumbler  holds  i  a  pint. 
A  common  sized  wine  glass  holds  h  a  gill. 


Keeping  Fresh  Beef. 

In  keeping  fresh  beef,  the  ribs  will  keep  longest, 
the  middle  of  the  loin  next,  the  rump  next,  and  the 
shortest  of  all,  the  brisket. 


61 


RULES  AND  DIRECTIONS 
FOR  PROCEEDINGS  IN  THE  PATENT  OFFICE. 


f  The  following  information  and  regulations  are  mainly  in- 
tended for  the  benefit  of  persons  having  business  with  the 
Patent  Office.  They  are  designed  to  be  in  strict  accordance 
with  the  acts  of  Congress  applicable  to  the  subject ;  which 
acts  are  printed  in  pamphlet  form,  and  will  be  forwarded  by 
the  office  to  any  one  who  may  desire  them. 

Who  Entitled  to  a  Patent. 

1.  Any  person,  whether  citizen  or  alien,  may  obtain  a 
patent  for  any  invention  or  improvement  made  by  him,  and 
not  before  known.  For  greater  particularity,  see  act  of 
1836,  sections  6  and  7  ;  act  of  1842^  section  3. 

2.  The  assignee  of  any  invention  may  have  the  patent 
issue  to  him  directly,  (act  of  1837,  section  6  ;)  but  this  is 
held  to  apply  only  to  the  assignees  of  entire  interests  ;  so 
that  although,  when  the  inventor  assigns  his  entire  interest 
to  two  or  more,  a  pateut  will  issue  to  them  jointly,  still  if 
he  yet  retains  a  portion  in  himself,  a  joint  patent  will  not  be 
issued  to  him  and  them.  The  reason  of  this  is  not  very  ev- 
ident, but  the  Attorney  General  has  so  decided. 

3.  In  case  of  the  death  of  the  inventor,  the  patent  will 
issue  to  his  legal  representatives.     (Act  of  1836,  section  10.) 

4.  Joint  inventors  are  entitled  to  a  joint  patent;  but 
neither  can  claim  one  separately. 

What  will  prevent  the  granting  a  Patent. 

5.  Even  although  the  applicant  has  in  good  faith  actually 
made  an   invention,  a  patent  therefor  will  not  be  gra 


62 


him  if  the  whole  or  auy  part  of  what  he  claims  as  new  had 
before  been  patented  or  described  in  any  printed  publication 
in  this  or  any  foreign  country,  or  even  if  it  had  before  been 
invented  or  discovered  in  this  cmmtry,  (act  of  1836,  section 
7  ;)  or  if  he  has  once  abandonedihis  invention  to  the  public; 
or  if,  with  his  consent  and  allowance,  it  has  been  for  moro 
than  two  years  in  public  use  or  on  sale.  (Act  of  1836,  sec- 
tion 6  ;  act  of  1839,  section  7.) 

6.  The  mere  fact  of  prior  invention  or  discovery  abroad 
will  not  prevent  the  issue  of  the  patent,  unless  the  invention 
had  been  patented  or  described  in  some  printed  publication. 
(Act  of  1836,  section  7  :  also  act  of  1836,  section  15.) 

7.  Merely  conceiving  the  idea  of  an  improvement  or 
machine  in  this  country,  is  not  such  an  "  invention"  or 
"  discovery"  as  is  above  contemplated.  The  invention 
must  have  been  reduced  to  a  practical  form,  either  by  the 
construction  of  the  machine  itself,  or  of  a  model  thereof,  or 
at  least  by  making  a  full  drawing  of  it,  before  it  will  pre- 
vent a  subsequent  inventor  from  obtaining  a  patent.  (See 
Hildreth  vs.  Heath,  and  Perry  vs.  Cornell,  decided  by  Judge 
Cranch  on  an  appeal  from  the  Commissioner.) 

Mode  of  proceeding  to  obtain  a  Patent. 

8.  The  application  must  be  made  by  the  actual  inven* 
tor,  if  alive,  (act  of  1886,  section  6,)  even  although  the  pat- 
ent is  to  issue  to  the  assignee,  (act  of  1837,  section  6  ;)  but 
where  the  inventor  is  dead,  the  application  and  oath  may 
be  miade  by  the  executor  or  administrator.  (Act  of  1836, 
section  10. 

9.  The  application  must  be  made  in  writing,  signed  by 
the  applicant,  and  addressed  to  the  Commissioner  of  Pat- 
ents. 

The  following  is  the  usual  form,  to  be  varied  according  to 
circumstances : 


63 


Petition. 
To  THE  Commissioner  ov  Patbnts; 

The  petition  of  John  Fitch,  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  county 

of  Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
Eespectfullt  bepresents : 

That  your  petitioner  has  invented  a  new  and  improved 
mode  of  preventing  steam-boilers  from  bursting,  which  he 
verily  believes  has^not  been  knows  or  used  prior  to  the  in- 
vention thereof  by  your  petitioner.  He  therefore  prays  that 
letters  patent  of  the  United  States  may  be  granted  to  him 
therefor,  vesting  in  him  and  his  legal  representatives  the 
exclusive  right  to  the  same,  upon  the  terms  and  conditions 
expressed  in  the  act  of  Congress  in  that  case  made  and  pro- 
vided ;  he  having  paid  thirty  dollars  in  the  treasury,  and 
complied  with  the  other  provisions  of  the  said  act. 

JOHN  FITCH. 

10.  The  applicant  must  set  forth  in  his  specification  the 
precise  invention  for  •which  he  claims  a  patent. 

If  claimed  as  a  mere  improvement  on  another  invention, 
that  fact  should  be  clearly  stated ;  and  if  claimed  as  sub- 
stantially differing  from  another  invention  with  which  it  ap- 
pears to  be  coincident,  the  difference  must  be  clearly  point- 
ed out. 

11.  Two  or  more  separate  machines  will  not  be  allowed 
to  be  the  subject  of  one  patent,  whatever  be  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  used.  This  is  intended  to  change  the  prac- 
tice of  the  oflSce  in  those  respects,  wherein  in  certain  cases 
all  the  machines  used  in  the  manufacture  of  one  article  are 
allowed  to  be  claimed  in  one  application. 

12.  The  specification  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor,  (or 
by  his  executor  or  administrator  if  the  inventor  be  dead.) 
It  shonld  describe  the  sections  of  the  d'^wings  (when  there 
are  drawings)  and  refer  by  letters  and  figures  to  the  differ- 
ent par*:s.    The  substantial  requisites  of  the  specification 


64 


are  set  forth  in  the  act  of  Congress  of  1836,  section  6.    The 
following  may  be  taken  as  a  specimen  of  the  proper  form ; 

Spcijication. 
To   ALL  WHOM   IT   MAY   CONCERN  : 

Be  it  known  tliat  I,  John  Fitch,  of  Philadelphia,  in  the 
county  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  have 
nvented  a  new  and  improved  mode  of  preventing  steam- 
boilers  from  bursting ;  and  I  do  hereby  declare  that  the 
following  is  a  full  and  exact  description  thereof,  reference 
being  had  to  the  accompanying  drawings,  and  to  the  letters 
of  reference  marked  thereon. 

The  nature  of  my  invention  consists  in  providing  the  up- 
per part  of  a  steam-boiler  with  an  aperture  in  addition  to 
that  for  the  safety-valve ;  which  aperture  is  to  be  closed 
by  a  plug  or  disk  of  alloy,  which  will  fuse  at  any  degree  of 
heat,  and  permit  the  steam  to  escape,  should  the  safety-valve 
fail  to  perform  its  functions. 

To  enable  others  skilled  in  the  art  to  make  and  use  my 
invention,  I  will  proceed  to  describe  its  coustructioa  and  op- 
eration. I  construct  ray  steam-boiler  in  any  of  the  known 
forms,  and  apply  thereto  guage-cocks,  a  safety-valve,  and 
the  other  appendages  of  such  boilers  ;  but,  in  order  to  obvi- 
ate the  danger  arising  from  the  adhesion  of  the  safety-valve, 
and  from  other  causes,  I  make  a  second  opening  in  the  top 
of  the  boiler,  similar  to  that  made  for  the  safety-valve,  as 
shoAvn  at  A,  in  the  accompanying  drawing;  and  in  this 
opening  I  insert  a  plug  or  fusible  disk  of  alloy,  securing  it 
by  a  metal  ring  and  screws,  or  otherwise.  This  fusible  met- 
al, I  in  general,  compose  of  a  mixture  of  lead,  tin,  and  bis- 
muth, in  such  proportions  as  will  ensure  its  melting  at  a  giv- 
en temperature,  which  must  be  that  to  which  it  is  intended 
to  limit  the  steam ;  and  will,  of  c«urse,  vary  with  the  pres- 
sure the  boiler  is  intended  to  sustain. 

1  surround  the  opening  containing  the  fusible  alloy  by  a 


65 

tnbe,  B,  intended  to  conduct  off  any  steam  which  may  be 
discharged  therefrom.  When  the  temperature  of  the  steam 
in  such  a  boiler  rises  to  its  assigned  limit,  the  fusible  alloy 
will  melt,  and  allow  the  steam  to  escape  freely,  thereby  se- 
curing it  from  all  danger  of  explosion. 

What  I  claim  as  my  invention,  and  desire  to  fecnre  bv 
letters  patent,  is  the  application  to  steam  boilers  of  a  fusible 
alloy,  which  will  melt  at  a  given  temperature,  and  allow  the 
steam  to  escape,  as  herein  described,  using  for  that  purpose 
the  aforesaid  metallic  compound,  or  any  other  substantially 
he  same,  and  which  will  produce  the  intended  effect. 

JOHN  FITCH. 

Witnesses — 

Robert  Fulton, 
Oliver  Eva>s. 

When  the  application  is  for  a  machine,  the  specification 
should  commeuce  thus : 

Be  it   known  that  I, ,  of ,  in  the  county  of 

,  and  State  of ,  have  invented  a  new  and  use- 


ful machine  for  [stating  the  use  and  title  of  the  machine  ; 
and  if  the  application  is  for  an  improvement,  it  should  read 
thus:  a  new  and  useful  improvement  on  a,  or  on  the,  ma- 
chine, &C.J — and  I  do  hereby  declare  that  the  following  is  a 
full,  clear,  and  exact  description  of  the  construction  and  op- 
eration of  the  same;  reference  being  had  to  the  annexed 
drawings,  making  a  part  of  this  specification,  in  which  fig- 
ure 1  is  a  perspective  view ;  figure  2  a  longitudinal  eleva 
tion  ;  figure  3  a  tranverse  section,  &c. ;  (thus  describing  aU 
the  sectious  of  the  drawings,  and  then  referring  to  the  parts 
by  letters.  Then  follows  the  description  of  the  construction 
and  operation  of  the  machine  ;  and  lastly  the  claim,  which 
should  express  the* nature  and  character  of  the  invention 
and  identify  the  parts  claimed  senai'ately  or  in  combination' 
6 


66 

If  the  specification  is  for  an  improvement,  the  original  in- 
vention should  be  disclaimed,  and  the  claim  confined  to  the 
improvement.) 

13.  The  specification  must  be  signed  by  the  inventor  and 
attested  by  two  witnesses.    (Act  of  1836,  section  6.) 

14.  The  applicant  must  then  make  oath  or  afiirmation  as 
required  by  the  act  of  1836,  section  6,  which  must  be  sub- 
stantially as  follows : 

Oath. 

City  and  County  of  Philadelphia,  )  ^^ 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  S 

On  this day  of ,  185  ,  before  me,  the  sub- 
scriber, a ,  personally  appeared  the  within  named 

John  Fitch,  and  made  solemn  oath  (or  afBriTiation)  that  he 
verily  believes  himself  to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor 
of  the  mode  herein  described  for  preventing  steam-boilers 
from  bursting ;  and  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe  the 
same  was  ever  before  known  or  used  ;  and  that  he  is  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States. 

(Signed)  A.  B. 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 

In  the  case  of  an  alien,  who  has  taken  the  requisite  steps 
to  become  naturalized,  the  following  form  should  be  adop- 
ted: 

City  akd  Couxty  of  Philadelphia,  ) 

State  of  Pennsylvania,  )     ' 

On  this day  of ,  185    ,  befoi-e  me,  the 

subscriber,  a ,  personally  appeared  the  within 

named  John  Fitch,  and  made  solemn  oath  (or  afiirmation) 
that  he  verily  believes  himself  to  be  the  original  and  first 
inventor  of  the  mode  herein  described  for  preventing  steam- 
boilers  from  bursting,  and  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe 
the  same  was  ever  before  known  or  used  ;  and  tliat  he  is  a 
native  of  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain ;  that  he  has  resided 


G7 


within  the  United  States  for  the  whole  of  the  past  year,  and 
has  taken  the  oath  prescribed  by  law  for  becoming  natural- 
ized in  this  country. 

(Signed)  A.  P.. 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 
13.    If  the  applicant  is  an  alien  not  residing  in  the  United 
States,  or  if  he  has  not  taken  the  requisite  steps  to  become 
naturalized,  the  oath  must  be  modified  accordingly.    (See 
act  of  1836,  section  9.) 

16.  The  oath  may  be  taken  before  any  person  authorized 
by  law  to  administer  oaths.  "When  taken  before  a  justice  of 
the  peace  not  having  the  seal  of  office,  the  fact  of  his  being 
an  acting  justice  of  the  peace  should  be  certified  to  by  the 
clerk  of  the  proper  court,  attested  by  his  seal  of  office. 

17.  When  the  oath  is  taken  in  a  foreign  country,  the  oath 
maybe  taken  before  any  minister  plenipotentiary,  charge  d' 
afl;airs,  consul  or  commercial  agent,  holding  commission  un- 
der the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  before  any  no- 
tary public  of  the  country  in  which  the  oath  is  taken,  being 
attested  in  all  cases  by  the  proper  official  seal. 

18.  The  drawings  required  by  law  (see  act  of  1S36,  sec- 
tion 6)  should  generally  be  in  perspective.  Such  parts  as 
cannot  be  shown  in  perspective  must,  if  described,  be  rep- 
resented in  plans,  sections,  or  details. 

19.  Duplicate  drawings  should  be  sent  to  the  office  in  the 
first  instance.  They  should  be  neatly  executed  on  sheets 
separate  from  the  other  papers — from  eighteen  to  nineteen 
inches  from  top  to  bottom,  and  not  less  than  thirteen  across, 
nor  more  than  twenty-five,  unless  more  space  is  necessary 
to  exhibit  the  device  or  machine  with  clearness.  One  of 
these  drawings,  which  is  to  be  kept  in  the  office  for  refer" 
ence,  should  be  on  stiff"  drawing  paper.  The  other,  which 
is  to  be  attached  to  the  patent,  should  have  a  margin  of  one 
inch   at  least  for  that  purpose  on  the  right-hand  side,  and 


68 

i.hould  be  on  some  material  that  will  bear  foldin;^  and  trans- 
portation. Each  part  should  be  distinguished  by  the  same 
number  or  letter,  wherever  that  part  is  delineated  in  the 
drawings,  and  should  be  referred  to  in  the  specification  by 
puch  letter  or  number.  These  drawings  should  be  signed  by 
the  applicant  and  attested  by  two  witnesses. 

20.  The  model  must  be  neatly  and  substantially  made  of 
durable  material,  and  not  more  than  one  foot  in  length  or 
height,  except  when  a  larger  model  is  permitted  by  the  office 
for  special  reasons  to  be  shown  by  the  applicant.  If  made 
of  pine  or  other  soft  wood,  it  should  be  painted,  stained,  or 
varnished. 

A  working  model  is  always  desirable,  in  order  to  enable 
the  office  fully  and  readily  to  understand  the  precise  opera- 
tion of  the  machine.  The  name  of  the  inventor,  and  also 
of  the  assignee  (if  assigned,)  must  be-  fixed  upon  it  in  a 
permanent  manner. 

21.  When  the  invention  is  of  a  composition  of  matter,  a 
specimen  of  the  ingredients  and  of  the  composition,  which 
the  law  requires,  must  accompany  the  application  (see  act 
of  1836,  section  6,)  and  the  name  of  the  inventor  and  as 
signee  (if  there  be  one)  must  be  permanently  affixed 
thereto. 

22.  Models  or  specimens  forwarded  without  a  name  are 
liable  to  be  lost  or  raishaid,  as  they  cannot  be  entered  upon 
the  record. 

23.  No  application  can  be  examined,  nor  can  the  case  be 
placed  upon  the  files  for  examination,  until  the  tee  is  paid 
and  the  model  or  specimen  deposited,  and  a  specification 
together  with  a  petition,  oath,  aud  drawings  (when  re- 
quired,) are  filed. 

;    24.    The  following  persons  are  appointed  agents  to  receive 
aud  forward  to  this  office,  models,  specimens,  and  manufac- 


69 

ture?,  m  accordance  -with  the  tenth  section  of  the  act  of 
1837 : 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Portsmouth,  New_Hampshire. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Portland,  Maine. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Burlington,  Vermont. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Providence,  Phode  Island. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  New  York. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Richmond,  Virginia. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Savannah,  Georgia. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Detroit,  Michigan. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Buffalo,  New  York. 

The  surveyor  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

The  collector  of  the  port  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

The  surveyor  at  Chicago,  Illinois. 

The  surveyor  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

The  surveyor  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Of  the  Examination. 

25.  All  cases  in  the  Patent  Office  are  arranged  in  classes, 
which  are  taken  up  for  examination  in  regular  rotation. 

Those  in  the  same  class  are  examined  and  disposed  of,  as 
Air  as  is  practicable,  in  the  order  in  which  the  respective  ap* 
plications  are  completed.  When,  however,  the  applicant 
has  a  foreign  patent  for  his  invention,  or  when  such  inven- 
tion is  deemed  of  peculiar  importance  to  some  branch  of  the 
Public  service,  and  when,  for  that  reason,  the  head  of  some 
department  of  the  government  specially  requests  immediate 
action,  the  case  will  be  taken  up  out  of  its  order.  These, 
with  applications  for  additional  improvements  and  reissues, 

6* 


70 


are  the  only  exceptions  to  the  rule  above  stated  in  relation 
to  the  order  of  examination. 

26.  A  defective  specification  or  drawing  is  amendable  at 
any  time  before  the  patent  issues.  But  where  any  substan- 
tial change  is  made  by  describing  or  representing  a  new  in- 
vention—not included  as  a  part  of  the  invention  originally 
described — a  second  affidavit  must  be  made  to  the  specifi- 
cation as  amended,  and  the  signature  of  witnesses  will  also 
be  required  anew. 

27.  When  the  change  thus  made  is  very  considerable, 
the  case  may  be  placed  at  the  foot  of  the  list,  to  await  its 
turn  anew  in  the  order  of  examination. 

27.  After  a  case  has  been  examined  and  the  claim  allow- 
ed, no  alteration  will  be  permitted  in  th'i  character  of  the 
invention  without  a  withdrawal  of  the  case  and  the  filing  of 
a  new  application,  or  (if  the  patent  be  granted)  an  applica- 
tion for  a  reissue,  or  for  an  additional  improvement,  as  the 
case  may  require. 

29.  The  personal  attendance  of  the  applicant  at  the  Patent 
Office  is  unnecessary.  The  business  can  be  done  by  corres- 
pondence or  by  attorney.  All  correspondence  must  be 
addressed  to  the  Commissioner. 

.30.  When  an  application  has  been  finally  decided,  the 
office  will  retain  the  original  papers  furnishing  the  applicant 
copies — if  he  desires  them — at  the  usual  expense. 

31.  If  the  patent  is  granted,  it  will  be  transmitted  to  the 
inventor,  or  to  his  agent,  in  case  he  has  full  power  of  attor' 
ney  authorizing  him  to  receive  it.  If  an  assignment  be  made 
of  the  entire  patent  right,  the  patent  will  be  sent  to  the  as- 
signee or  to  his  attorney. 

Of  Withdrawal. 

32.  If,  when  an  application  is  rejected,  the  applicant 
relinquishes  his  claim,  in  pursuance  of  the  7th  section  of  the 
act  of  183G,  and  the  32th  section  of  the  act  of  1637,  he  must 


71 

notify  the  Commissioner  of  the  fact  of  ench  -witlidrawal, 
sending  at  the  same  time  his  receipt  for  two-thirds  of  the 
fee  paid  by  him,  -which  will  thereupon  be  returned.  The 
model  and  papers  will  be  retained  by  the  office.  The  appli- 
cant may,  however,  have  the  duplicate  drawing  if  he  de- 
sires it, 

33.  No  money  will  be  refunded  when  the  withdrwal  is 
made  afier  an  appeal  has  been  taken  to  either  of  the  judges 
of  the  circuit  court  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

34.  In  withdrawing  an  application  the  following  forms 
may  be  followed : 

To  THE  COMMIBSIOHEK  OF  PATENTS  ; 

SiK :  I  hereby  withdraw  my  application  for  a  patent  for 
improvements  in  the  cotton-gin  now  in  your  office,  and  re- 
quest that  twenty  dollars  may  be  returned  to  me,  agreeably 
to  the  provision  of  the  act  of  Congress,  authorizing  such 
withdrawal. 

ELI  ^YHIT^;EY. 

Cabotsville,  Mass.,  February  16,  1€53. 

Received  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  per 
Charles  Mason,  Commissioner  of  Patents,  twenty  dollars 
being  the  amount  refunded  on  withdrawing  my  application 
for  a  patent  for  improvements  in  the  cotton-gin. 

ELI  WHITNEY. 

Cabot3V1LL£,  JIass.,  February  16,  1834. 

35.  Particular  instructions  should  be  given  by  the  person 
withdrawing  money  from  the  office  as  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  money  shall  be  paid — whether  to  his  order  at  this 
office,  or  remitted  by  mail. 

36.  When  caveats  have  been  filed,  withdrawals  can  be 
made  the  same  as. in  other  cases;  but  no  part  of  the  fee  will 
be  returned  to  the  applicant  until  after  he  has  completed  his 
application  by  filing  his  specification  and  model. 


72 


Betaining  Patents  in  the  Secret  Archives. 

37.  No  applicatiou  upon  which  a  patent  has  been  ordered 
to  issue  shall  be  retained  in  the  secret  archives  of  the  office 
more  than  six  months  after  the  patent  was  ordered  to  issue. 
The  request  to  have  the  application  placed  in  the  secret  ar- 
chives shall  in  all  cases  be  made  by  the  patentee,  or  the  as- 
signee of  all  the  interest  therein,  in  wi-iting,  and  filed  with 
the  chief  clerk,  before  the  patent  shall  be  recorded. 

Of  Appeals. 

38.  If  the  applicant,  instead  of  withdrawing,  chooses  to 
persist  in  his  claim,  he  must  make  his  oath  or  affirmation 
anew.  (Act  of  1836,  section  7.)  After  which,  he  may  ap- 
peal to  the  chief  justice  or  to  either  of  the  associate  justices 
of  the  circuit  court  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  (Acts  of 
1836,  section  7;  1839,  section  11 ;  1852,  section  1.) 

39.  The  mode  of  appeal  is  by  giving  notice  thereof  to  the 
Commissioner,  filing  in  the  Patent  Office,  within  such  time 
as  the  Commissioner  shall  appoint,  his  reasons  for  appeal) 
and  paying  to  him  the  sum  of  twenty-five  dollars.  (Act  of 
1889,  section  11.)  Blanks  for  the  notice  of  appeal,  the  rea 
sons  of  appeal,  the  petition,  and  copies  of  the  appellate 
judge's  rules,  will  be  forwarded  on  request. 

Of  Interferences. 

40.  When  each  of  two  or  more  persons  claims  to  be  the 
first  inventor  of  the  same  thing,  an  "interference"  is  de- 
clared between  them,  and  a  trial  is  had  before  the  Commis- 
sioner. Nor  does  the  fact  that  one  of  the  parties  has  already 
obtained  a  patent  prevent  such  an  interference ;  for  although 
the  Commissioner  has  no  power  to  cancel  a  patent  already 
issued,  he  may,  if  he  finds  that  another  person  was  the  prior 
inventor,  give  him  also  a  patent,  and  thus  place  them  on  an 
equal  footing  before  the  courts  and  the  public.  (Act  of  1836, 
section  8.) 


73 


41.  Upon  the  declaration  of  an  interference,  a  day  will 
be  fixed  for  closing  the  testimony,  and  a  further  day  fixed 
for  the  hearing  of  the  cause.  Previous  to  this  latter  day,  the 
arguments  of  counsel  must  be  filed,  if  at  all. 

42.  If  either  party  wishes  a  postponement  of  either  the 
day  for  the  closing  of  the  testimony  or  the  day  of  hearing, 
he  must,  before  the  day  he  thus  seeks  to  postpone  is  past, 
show  by  affidavit  a  sufficient  reason  for  such  postponement. 

43.  Appeals  lie  in  all  cases  of  interference,  whoever  may 
be  the  parties  and  whichever  way  the  decision  may  be. 
{Act  of  1836,  section  8.)  As  to  remedy  by  bill  in  equity, 
see  act  of  1836,  section  IC. 

Of  Reissues,    and    Additional    Improve- 
ments. 

44.  A  reissue  is  granted  to  the  originpl  patentee,  his 
heirs  or  assigns,  when  by  reason  of  an  insufficient  or  defec- 
tive specification  the  patent  is  invalid,  provided  the  en-or 
has  arisen  from  inadvertency,  accident  or  mistake,  without 
any  fraudulent  or  deceptive  intention.  (Act  of  1836,  sec- 
tion 13.) 

45.  The  general  mle  is,  that  whatever  is  really  embraced 
in  the  original  invention,  and  so  described  or  shown  that  it 
might  have  been  embraced  in  the  original  patent,  may  be 
the  subject  of  a  reissue. 

46.  A  modification  of  a  patent  so  as  to  include  an  addi- 
tional improvement  is  allowed  in  Awor  of  the  original  pat- 
entee only,  and  may  embrace  any  improvement  made  by 
him  subsequent  to  the  issuing  of  the  paitnt^  but  none  other. 
(Act  of  1836,  section  13.) 

47.  In  each  of  the  above  cases  the  modified  patent  expire* 
at  the  same  time  the  original  patent  would  have  done.  For 
this  reason  6uch  applications  will  be  acted  upon  immediately 
after  they  are  completed. 


74 


48.  Where  a  reissue  is  granted,  the  applicant  may,  at  his 
option,  have  separate  patents  issued  for  the  several  distinct 
parts  of  tlie  thing  patented,  by  paying  the  requisite  addi- 
tional fees,  and  complying  with  the  other  requirements  of 
the  law  as  in  original  applications.    (Act  of  1837,  section 

5.) 

49.  In  all  cas'^s  of  application  for  reissues  and  for  addi- 
tional improvements,  the  original  claim  is  subject  to  re-ex- 
amination, and  mr-y  be  revised  and  restricted  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  original  applications.  (Act  of  1837,  sec- 
tion 8.) 

50.  But  in  all  such  cases,  after  tlie  action  of  the  Patent 
Office  has  been  made  known  to  the  applicant,  if  he  prefers 
the  patent  originally  granted  to  that  which  will  be  allowed 
by  the  decision  of  the  office,  he  has  the  privilege  of  aban- 
doning it,  and  retaining  the  old  one. 

61.  The  following  are  appropriate  forms  of  application 
for  reissues  and  for  additional  improvements. 

Surrender  of  a  patent  for  reissue. 

To  THE  COMMISSIOXER  OF  PATENTS  : 

The  petition  of  Samuel  Morey,  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  county 
of  Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania, 

Respectfully  Represents  : 

That  he  did  obtain  letters  patent  of  the  United  States  for 
an  improvement  in  the  boilers  of  steam-engines,  which  let- 
ters patent  are  dated  on  the  first  day  of  March,  1835 ;  that 
he  now  believes  that  the  same  is  inoperative  and  invalid  by 
reason  of  a  defective  specification,  which  defect  has  arisen 
from  inadvertence  and  mistake.  He  therefore  prays  that  he 
may  be  allowed  to  surrender  the  same,  and  requests  that 
new  letters  patent  may  issue  to  him,  for  the  same  invention, 
for  his  residue  of  the  period  for  which  the  original  patent 
was  granted,  under  the  amended  specification  herewith  pre- 


Id 


sented,  he  having  paid  fifteen  dollars  into  the  treasury  of 
the  United  States,  agreeably  to  the  requirements  of  the  act 
of  Congress  in  that  case  made  and  provided. 

SAMUEL  MOEEY. 
Form  of  oath  to  be  appended  to  applications  for  reissue. 

City  and  County  of  PniLADELrHiA,  |  ^^ 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  ) 

On  this day  of ,  185    ,  before  the  subscriber, 

a ,  personally  appeared  the  above  named  Samuel 

Morey,  and  made  solemn  oath  (or  affirmation)  that  he  verily 
believes  that  by  reason  of  an  insufficient  or  defective  speci 
fication,  his  aforesaid  patent  is  not  fully  valid  and  available 
to  him ;  that  the  said  error  has  arisen  from  inadvertency, 
accident,  or  mistake,  and  without  any  fraudulent  c*  decep- 
tive intention,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  or  belief. 

(Signed,)  . 

Addition  of  new  improvements. 
To  THE  Commissioner  of  Patents: 
The  petition  of  James  Rumsey,  of  the  county  of  Berkeley, 

and  State  of  Virginia, 
Respectfully  Represents : 

That  your  petitioner  did  obtain  letters  patent  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  for  an  improvement  in  the  boilers  of  steam-en- 
gines, which  letters  patent  are  dated  March,  1835  ;  that  he 
has  since  that  date  made  certain  improvement  on  his  said 
invention,  and  that  he  is  desirous  of  adding  the  subjoined 
description  of  his  said  improvements  to  his  original  letters 
patent,  agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress 
in  that  case  made  and  provided,  he  having  paid  fifteen  dol- 
lars into  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  otherwise 
complied  with  the  requirements  of  the  saiJ  act. 

JAMES  T^UMSEY. 


76 

A  specification  and  claim  Bbould  then  follow  substantially 
as  in  case  of  an  original  application.  The  oath  must  also  be 
the  same,  except  that  he  need  not  swear  to  citizenship,  but 
instead  thereof  should  state  as  follows  :  "And  that  said  new 
improvement  was  made  by  him  subsequent  to  the  date  of 
his  aforesaid  patent." 

Of  Disclaimers. 

52.  Where,  by  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  the 
original  patent  is  too  broad,  a  disclaimer  may  be  filed  either 
by  the  original  patentee  or  by  any  of  his  assignees.  (Act 
of  1837,  section  7.) 

By  the  English  law,  as  well  as  by  the  act  of  1636,  f^cf^icm 
15,)  if  the  patent  were  too  broad  it  was  wholly  invalid.  The 
case  is  now  different  here,  but  still  the  necessity  of  a  dis^ 
claimer  is  manifest.    (See  act  of  1S37,  section  9.) 

63.     The  following  is  a  sufficient  form  for  a  disclaimer : 
To  THE  Commissioner  of  Patents: 
The  petition  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  of  Oabotsville,  in  the  conn- 
ty  of  Hampden,  and  State  of  Massachusetts, 

Kespkctfult-t  Represents  : 

That  he  has,  by  assignment,  duly  recorded  in  the  Patent 
Office,  become  the  owner  of  a  right  for  tlie  several  States  of 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island,'  to  certain 
improvements  in  the  steam-engine,  for  vrbich  letters  patent 
of  the  United  States  were  granted  to  John  Doe,  of  Boston,  in 
the  State  of  Massachusetts,  dated  on  the  first  day  of  Marcli, 
1835 ;  that  he  has  reason  to  believe  that,  through  inadver- 
t«uce  and  mistake,  the  claim  made  in  the  specification  of 
Slid  letters  patent  is  too  broad,  including  that  of  which  the 
•aid  patentee  was  not  the  first  inventor.  Your  petitioner 
therefore,  hereby  enters  his  disclaimer  to  that  part  of  the 


77 


claim  in  the  aforenamed  specification,  which  is  in  the  fol- 
lowing words,  to  wit :  "  I  also  claim  the  particular  manner 
in  which  the  piston  of  the  above  described  engine  is  con- 
structed, so  as  to  insure  the  close  fitting  of  the  packing 
thereof  to  the  cylinder,  as  set  forth ;  which  disclaimer  is  to 
operate  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  in  said  letters  patent 
vested  in  your  petitioner,  who  has  paid  ten  dollars  into  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States,  agreeably  to  the  requirements 
of  the  act  of  Congress  in  that  case  made  and  provided." 
SEBASTIAN  CABOT. 
When  the  disclaimer  is  made  by  the  original  patentee,  it 
must,  of  course,  be  so  worded  as  to  express  that  fact. 

Of  Extensions. 

54.  The  power  of  extending  a  patent  for  seven  y.ars 
from  the  day  on  which  it  would  expire,  is  now  vested  in  the 
Commissioner  of  Patents.  (Act  of  1836,  section  18,  and  act 
of  1S48,  section  1.) 

55.  To  justify  the  ofnce  in  thus  extending  a  patent,  the 
two  followmg  questions  must  be  first  decided  iu  the  afiir- 
mative :  1st.  "Was  the  invention  new  and  patentable  when 
originally  patented  ? 

2d.  Has  the  patentee,  without  neglect  or  fault  on  bis  part, 
failed  to  obtain  from  the  use  and  sale  of  his  invention  a  rea- 
sonable remuneration  for  the  time,  ingenuity,  and  expense 
bestowed  upon  his  invention,  and  the  introduction  thereof 
into  use  ?     (Act  of  1836,  section  18  ;  1848,  section  1 .) 

56.  The  applicant  for  an  extension  should  file  his  peti- 
tion and  pay  in  the  requisite  fee  at  least  three  months  prior 
to  the  expiration  of  his  patent,  to  give  time  for  the  sixty 
days'  notice  required  to  be  given,  and  to  allow  a  sufficien  t 
time  to  the  Commissioner  to  examine  the  case  fully  afte 
the  expiration  of  those  sixt}'  days,  and  previous  to  the  day 
on  which  the  patent  is  to  expire.  There  is  no  power  in  the 
Patent  OflSce  to  renew  a  patent  after  it  has  once  expired, 

8 


78 


(Act  of  1836,  section  18;  1848,  section  1.) 

57.  Tlie  applicant  for  an  extension  must  furnish  to  the 
office  a  statement  in  writing,  under  oath,  of  the  ascertained 
value  of  the  invention,  and  of  his  receipts  and  expenditures- 
This  statement  should  be  made  particular  and  in  detail,  un- 
less suflicient  reason  is  set  forth  why  such  a  statement  can- 
not be  furnished.    (Act  of  1836,  section  18  ;  1848,  section  1.) 

This  statement  must  be  filed  within  thirty  days  afitr  filing 
his  petition,  as  contemplated  in  the  preceding  section. 

58.  Any  person  opposing  the  extension  of  a  patent,  must 
file  his  reasons  in  the  Patent  OlEce  at  least  twenty  days 
before  the  day  of  hearing,  as  set  forth  in  the  notices  pub 
lished.  He  may  also,  at  any  time  after  the  application  for 
an  extension  has  been  made,  give' notice  to  the  applicant  of 
his  intention  to  oppose  the  said  extension.  After  this  notice, 
he  will  be  regarded  as  a  party  in  the  case,  and  be  entitled  to 
notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  taking  testimony,  as  well  as 
to  a  list  of  the  names  and  residences  of  witnesses  whose 
testimony  may  have  been  previously  taken. 

59.  The  person  opposing  the  extension  will  be  entitled  to 
a  copy  of  the  application,  and  any  other  papers  on  file,  up- 
on paying  the  costs  of  copying. 

CO.  In  contested  cases  no  testimony  will  be  received,  un- 
less by  consent,  which  has  been  taken  more  than  thirty 
days  previous  to  the  day  fixed  for  closing  the  testimony. 

61.  The  notice  of  the  application  for  an  extension  will 
fix  a  day  for  the  closing  of  the  testimony,  and  also  a  day  for 
the  hearing.  The  depositions  and  other  papers  relied  upon 
as  testimony,  must  be  filed  in  the  office  on  or  before  the 
morning  of  the  day  next  after  that  fixed  for  closing  the  tes- 
timony ;  and  the  arguments  (if  any)  must  be  filed  within 
ten  days  thereafter,  unless  some  other  time  be  fixed  by  the 
office. 

62.  Applications  for  a  postponement  of  the  hearing  must 
be  made  and  supported  according  to  the  same  rules  as 


79 

are  to  be  observed  in  the  case  of  interferances.  But  they 
will  not  be  granted  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause  a  risk  of 
preventing  a  decision  in  season. 

Of  Designs. 

63.  In  making  an  application  to  patent  a.design,  the 
same  course  is  to  be  pursued  as  in  case  of  an  application  for 
patenting  a  machine  ;  but  in  case  of  rejection,  no  part  of  the 
fee  is  refunded. 

64.  Nor  can  a  patent  for  a  design  be  obtained  by  any 
alien  unless  he  has  resided  one  year  within  the  United 
States,-  and  taken  an  oath  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citi- 
zen thereof.     (Act  of  1842,  section  3.) 

63.  The  following,  or  other  equivalent  forms,  are  proper 
to  be  observed  in  applications  of  this  nature  : 

Form  of  application  for  patents  for  design. 
To  THE  Commissioner  of  Patents. 
The  petition  of  Benjamin  West,  of  the  city  and  county  of 

Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
Respectfully  eepp.esents  : 

That  your  petitioner  has  invented  or  produced  [anew  and 
original  design  for  a  composition  in  alto  relievo,]  which  he 
verily  believes  has  not  been  known  prior  to  the  production 
thereof  by  your  petitioner.  He  therefore  prays  that  letters 
patent  of  the  United  States  may  be  granted  to  him  therefor^ 
vesting  in  him  and  his  legal  representatives  the  exclusive 
right  to  the  same,  upon  the  terms  and  conditions  expressed 
in  the  act  of  Congress  in  that  case  made  and  provided,  he 
having  paid  fifteen  dollars  into  the  treasury,  and  complied 
with  the  other  provisions  of  the  said  act. 

BENJAMIN  WEST. 
Form  of  specification. 

To  ALL  WHOM    IT   MAY    COXCEKN  : 

Be  it  known,  that  I,  Benjamin  West,  of  the  city  of  Phila- 


80 


delphia,  in  the  county  of  Philadelphia,  and  State  of  Penn-' 
sylvania,  have  invented  or  produced  a  new  and  original  do 
sign  for  a  composition  in  alto  relievo,  and  1  do  hereby  de 
clare  that  the  following  is  a  full  and  exact  description  of  the 
same : 

[Here  follows  a  description  of  the  design,  with  reference 
to  the  specimen  or  drawing,  the  specification  to  conclude 
with  declaring  what  the  inventor  claims,  in  terms  character- 
istic of  the  design,  &c.] 

BENJAMIN  WEST. 
Witnesses — 
Noah  Webster, 
Nathaniel  BowDixcn. 

Form  of  oath. 

City  and  County  of  PniLADELPHiA,  ) 

titate  of  Pennsylvania  ]  ^  ' 

On  this day  of ,  185  ,  before  the  subscriber, 

a ,  personally  appeared  the  within  named  Benjamin 

Wesi,  and  made  solemn  oath  (or  affirmation,  as  the  case 
may  be)  that  he  verily  believes  liimself  to  bo  the  origina 
and  first  inventor  or  producer  of  the  design  for  a  composi- 
tion in  alto  relievo,  and  that  he  does  not  know  or  believe 
that  the  same  was  ever  before  known  or  used,  and  that  he 
is  a  citizen  of  the  Uuited  States. 

(Signed,)  B.  A. 

Of  Foreign  Patents. 

66.  The  taking  out  of  a  patent  in  a  foreign  country  does 
not  prejudice  a  patent  previously  obtained  here  ;  nor  does  it 
prevent  obtaining  a  patent  here  subsequently. 

When  the  patent  is  applied  for  here,  after  being  obtained 
abroad,  it  will  only  extend  fourteen  years  from  the  date  of 
the  foreign  patent.  For  this  reason  such  cases  will  be  acuv' 
upon  out  of  their  order,  and  as  soon  as  the  application  is 
completed.    (Act  of  1S39,  section  6.) 


81 


67.  Where  nn  applicant  seeks  to  mnke  his  a  preferred 
c:ise,  in   consequence  of  his  having  obtained  a  foreign  pat- 

nt,  he  sliould  (temporarily)  file  in  the  office  the  patent  so 
obtained,  with  the  specifications  (provisional  or  connplete) 
attached,  or  a  sworn  copy  of  those.  But  where  such  pa- 
pers or  copies  cannot  be  conveniently  furnished,  it  will  be 
sufficient  if  the  reasons  of  such  inability  be  set  forth  by 
affi  lavit,  and  aho  the  fact  that  a  foreign  patent  has  actually 
been  obtained,  (giving  its  date,)  and  showing  clearly  that  the 
invention  so  patented,  covers  the  whole  ground  of  his  present 
application. 

Of  Patents  obtained  by  Aliens. 

68.  If  an  alien  neglect  to  put  his  invention  on  public  sale 
within  eighteen  months  after  the  patent  is  granted,  and  con- 
tinue it  on  sale  to  the  public  on  reasonable  terms,  his  patent 
will  cease  to  protect  him.    (Act  of  1836  ,  section  15.) 

Of  Caveats. 

?|^69.  Any  citizen  or  alien  who  has  resided  for  one  year  last 
past  in  the  United  States,  and  has  made  oath  of  his  inten- 
tion to  become  a  citizen  thereof,  can  file  a  caveat  in  the  se- 
cret archives  of  the  Patent  Office.  And  if  at  any  time 
within  one  year  thereafter  another  person  applies  for  a  pat- 
ent for  the  same  invention,  the  caveator  will  be  entitled  to 
notice,  to  complete  his  specification,  and  to  go  into  interfer- 
ence with  the  applicant  for  the  purpose  of  proving  priority 
of  invention,  and  obtaining  the  patent  if  that  fact  be 
proved.    (Act  of  1836,  section  12.)  ' 

70.  The  caveator  will  not  be  entitled  to  notice  of  any. 
application  pending  at  the  time  of  filing  his  caveat,  nor  of 
any  application  filed  after  the  expiration  of  one  year  from 
the  date  of  filing  the  caveat.  But  he  may  renew  his  caveat 
at  the  end  of  one  year  by  paying  a  second  caveat  fee,  which 
will  continue  it  in  full  force  for  one  year  longer,  and  so  on 
^rom  year  to  year  as  long  as  the  caveator  desires.  > 


82 


No  caveat  can  be  filed  iu  the  secret  archives  of  the  office 
unless  accompanied  by  an  oath  of  ilie  caveator  that  he  is  a, 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  that  he  is  an  alien  and  has 
resided  for  one  year  last  past  within  the  United  States,  and 
has  made  oath  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen  thereof; 
nor  unless  the  applicant  also  states,  under  oath,  that  he  be- 
lieves himself  tlie  original  inventor  of  the  art,  machine,  or 
improvement  set  forth  in  his  caveat. 

71.  A  caveat  need  not  contain  as  particular  a  description 
of  the  invention  as  is  requisite  in  a  specification  ;  but  still 
the  description  should  be  sufficiently  precise  to  enable  the 
offiice  to  jiulge  whetlier  there  is  a  probable  interference  when 
a  subsequent  application  is  filed. 

72.  Caveat  papers  cannot  be  withdrawn  from  the  office 
nor  undergo  alteration  after  they  have  once  been  filed,  but 
additional  papers  relative  to  the  invention  maybe  appended 
to  the  caveat,  (their  date  being  noted,)  provided  they  are 
merely  amendatory  of  the  original  caveat. 

73.  In  the  case  of  filing  papers  supplementary  to  an  orig' 
inal  caveat,  the  right  to  notice  in  regard  to  the  subject  of 
those  papers  expires  with  the  caveat ;  and  any  additional 
papers  not  relating  t»  the  invention  first  caveated,  will  re- 
ceive no  notice. 

74.  The  caveator,  or  any  other  person  properly  authori- 
zed by  him,  can  at  any  time  obtain  copies  of  the  Caveat  pa- 
pers at  the  usual  rates. 

75.  It  is  desirable  that  the  caveat  should  be  accompanied 
by  drawings  or  sketches,  and  even  by  a  model  if  convenient. 

76.  The  following  will  give  a  general  idea  of  the  proper 
form  of  a  caveat : 

To  THE  Commissioner  of  Patents: 
The  petition  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  of  Cabotsville,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Hampden,  and  State  of  Massachusetts, 
Respectfully  represents: 
That  he  has  made  certain  improvements  in  the  mode  of 


83 


constrncting  the  boilers  for  steam-engines,  and  that  he  is 
nowengag'id  in  making  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
fecting the  same  preparatory  to  his  applying  for  letters  p;n 
ent  therefor.  He  therefore  prays  that  the  subjoined  des- 
cription of  his  invention  may  be  filed  as  a  caveat  in  the 
confidential  archives  of  the  Patent  Office,  agreeably  to  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  in  that  case  made  and  pro- 
vided; he  having  paid  twenty  dollars  into  the  treasury  of 
the  United  States,  and  otherwise  complied  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  said  act. 

SEBASTIAN  CABOT. 

Cabotsville,  March  1,  1838. 

Here  sliould  follow  a  description  of  the  general  principles 
of  the  invention,  so  far  as  it  has  been  completed. 

Penalties  for  Certain  Acts. 

f\  77.  Patentees  or  their  assignees  are  required  to  affix  the 
date  of  the  patent  on  each  article  vended  or  offered  for  sale, 
under  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars.  (Act 
of  1842,  section  6.) 

7S.  Stamping  or  affixing  the  name  of  any  patentee  on 
any  article  without  authority  to  do  so,  or  affixing  the  word 
"patent"  or  "letters  pater^^,"  or  the  stamp,  mark,  or  de- 
vice of  any  patentee  on  any  unpatented  article,  is  forbidden 
under  a  like  penalty,     (Act  of  1842,  section  5.) 

Of  the  Kepayment  of  Money. 

79.  Money  paid  by  actual  mistake  will  be  refunded,  (act 
of  1842,  section  1 ;)  but  a  mere  change  of  purpose  after  the 
payment  of  money  will  not  enable  the  person  to  obtain  his 
money  and  withdraw  his  papers. 

Of  Assignments.         ^ 

80.  An  inventor  can  assign  his  entire  right  before  a  pat- 
ent is  obtained,  so  as  to  enable  the  assignee  to  take  out  a 
patent  in  his  own  name,  (see  section  2d  of  these  instruo 


84 


tions;)  bnt  the  assignment  must  first  be  recorded  and  th« 
specification  sworn  to  by  the  inventor.  (Act  of  1837,  sec- 
tion G.) 

In  the  case  of  an  assignment  by  a  foreigner,  the  same  fee 
will  be  required  as  if  the  patent  issued  to  the  inventor. 

81.  After  a  patent  is  obtained,  the  patentee  may  assign 
the  right  to  make  or  use  the  thing  patented  in  any  specified 
portion  of  the  United  States,  (act  of  1836,  section  11  ;)  but 
no  such  assignment  to  specified  portions  of-  the  United 
States,  made  prior  to  obtaining  the  patent,  will  enable  the 
assignees  to  take  out  the  patent  in  their  own  names. 

82.  Every  assignment  should  be  recorded  within  three 
months  from  its  date  ;  but  if  recorded  after  that  time,  it  will 
protect  the  assignee  against  any  one  purchasing  after  the 
assignment  is  placed  on  record. 

83.  When  the  patent  is  to  issue  in  the  name  of  the  as- 
signee, the  entire  correspondence  should  be  in  his  name. 

•  84.  The  receipt  of  assignments  is  not  generally  acknowl- 
edged by  the  office.  They  will  be  recorded  in  their  turn 
within  a  few  dnys  after  tlieir  reception,  and  then  transmitted 
to  persons  entitled  to  them. 

85.  Form  of  assignment  of  the  entire  interest  in  letters 
patent  before  obtaining  the  same,  and  to  be  recorded  pre- 
paratory thereto : 

Whereas  I,  Jethro  Wood,  of  Scipio,  in  the  county  of  Cay- 
uga, and  State  of  New  York,  have  invented  certain  new  and 
useful  improvements  in  ploughs,  for  which  I  am  about  to 
make  application  for  letters  patent  of  the  United  States ;  and 
whereas,  David  Peacock,  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  has 
agreed  to  purchase  from  me  all  the  right,  title,  and  interest 
which  I  have,  or  may  Have,  in  and  to  the  said  invention,  in 
consequence  of  tlie  grant  of  letters  patent  therefor,  and  has 
paid  to  me,  the  said  Wood,  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollai's, 
the  receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknowledged:  Now  this  in- 
denture witnesseth,  that  for  abd  in  consideration  of  the  said 


85 


sum  to  me  paid,  I  have  assigned  and  transferred,  and  do 
hereby  assign  and  transfer,  to  the  said  David  Peacock,  the 
full  and  exclusive  right  to  all  the  Improvements  made  by 
me,  as  fully  set  forth  and  described  in  the  specificatioa 
which  I  have  prepared  and  executed  preparatory  to  the  ob- 
taining of  letters  patent  therefor.  And  I  do  hereby  author- 
ize and  request  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  to  issue  the 
said  letters  patent  to  the  said  David  Peacock,  as  the  assi- 
gnee of  my  ^yhole  right  and  title  thereto,  forthe  sole  use  and 
behoof  of  the  said  David  Peacock  and  his  legal  representa- 
tives. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereimto  set  my  hand  and 
affixed  my  seal,  this  sixteenth  day  of  February,  1853. 

JETHRO  WOOD,  [seal.] 

Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of— 
George  Cltmer, 
David  Rittenhouse. 

Foi-m  of  assignmfnt  of  a  partial  right  in  a  patent. 
Whereas  I,  Jethro  Wood,  of  Scipio,  in  the  county  of  Cay- 
uga, and  State  of  Jsew  York,  did  obtain  letters  patent  of 
the  United  States  for  certain  improvements  in  ploughs, 
which  letters  patent  bear  date  the  first  day  of  March,  1848  ; 
and  whereas,  David  Peacock,  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  is 
desirous  of  acquiring  an  interest  therein :  Now,  this  inden- 
ture winesseth,  that  for  and  in  considerntion  of  the  sum  of 
two  thousand  dollars.to  me  in  hand  paid,  the  receipt  of  which 
is  hereby  acknowledged,  I  have  assigned,  sold,  ahd  set»over, 
and  do  hereby  assign,  sell,  and  set  over,  unto  the  said  David 
Peacock,  all  the  right,  title,  and  interest  which  I  have  in  the 
said  invention,  as  secured  to  me  by  said  letters  patent,  for, 
to.  and  in  the  several  States  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places :  the  same  to 
be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  David  Peacock,  for  his  owo 
use  and  behoff,  and  for  the  use  and  behoof  of  his  legal  rep" 


86 


resentatives,  to  the  full  end  of  tiie  term  for  which  ffxid  let- 
ters patent  are  or  may  be  granted,  as  full}'  and  entirely  a^ 
the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed  by  me  had  thi^ 
assignment  and  sale  not  been  made. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affix 
my  seal,  this  sixteenth  day  of  February,  1853, 

JETHRO  WOOD,  [seal.] 
Sealed  and  delivered  in  presence  of— 
Jacob  Perkins, 
Bexja^iin  Franklin. 

Of  the  Oflace  Fees,  and  how  Payable. 

86.  Nearly  all  the  fees  payable  to  the  Patent  Office  are 
positively  required  by  law  to  be  paid  in  advance.  For  the 
sake  of  uniformity  and  convenience,  the  remaining  fees  will 
be  required  to  be  paid  in  the  same  manner — that  is  to  say 
before  the  labor  is  performed  for  which  they  are  to  be  re- 
ceived in  payment. 

87.  The  following  is  the  tariff  of  fees  established  by  law 
On  every  application  for  a  design,  $15  00 
On  every  caveat,  20  00 
On  every  application  for  a  patent,  if  made  by  a  citi- 
zen, or  a  foreigner  who  has  resided  here  one  year, 

and  made  oath  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  30  00 
On  every  application,  if  by  a  subject  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, 500  00 
On  every  application,  if  by  any  other  foreigner,  300  00 
On  every  filing  a  disclaimer  10  00 
On  every  application  for  adding  new  improvement,  15  00 
On  every  application  for  a  reissue,  15  00 
On  every  additional  patent  granted  on  a  reissue,  30  00 
On  every  application  for  an  extension,  40  00 
On  every  appeal,  25  00 
On  every  copy  of  patent,  or  other  instrument,  for  ev- 
ery 100  words,  10 


87 


On  every  copy  of  drawings,  the  cost  of  having  it  made. 
For  recording  every  assignment  of  300  words,  or  under  1  00 
Far  recording  every  assignment,  if  over  300  and  not 

over  1,000  words,  2  00 

For  recording  every  assignment,  if  over  1,000  words,      3  00 

88.  It  is  recommended  that  the  money  for  the  paymen^ 
of  fees  should  be  deposited  with  an  assistant  treasurer,  or 
other  officer  authorized  to  receive  the  same,  taking  his  cer- 
tificate and  remitting  the  same  to  this  office.  When  this 
cannot  be  done  without  much  inconvenience,the  money  may 
be  remitted  by  mail  at  the  risk  of  the  owner,  and  in  every 
case  the  letter  should  state  the  exact  amount  enclosed. 

S9.  In  case  of  deposite  made  with  the  assistant  treasu- 
rers, or  other  persons  authorized  to  receive  public  moneys, 
a  dv])Ucate  receijH  should  be  taken,  stating  by  whom  the 
payment  was  made,  and  for  what  object.  The  particular 
invention  should  be  referred  to,  to  enable  the  applicant  to 
recover  back  the  twenty  dollars  in  case  of  the  withdrawal 
of  the  petition.  ; 

The  certificate  of  deposite  may  be  made  in  the  following 
form: 

Offick  of  thb . 

The  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  has  credit  at  this  office 

for dollars  in  specie,  deposited  by ,  of  the 

town  of ,  in  the  county  of ,  and  State  of , 

the  same  being  for  a  patent  (or  whatever^the  object  may  be) 
for  a  steam-boiler. 

A.  B. 

90.  The  following  officers  are  authorized  to  receive  pat 
ent  fees  on  account  of  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  give  receipts  or  certificates  of  deposite  therefor,  to 
■wit: 

Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  New  York,  New 


88 


York. 

Treasurer  of  the  Mint,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvauia. 
Surveyor  and  Inspector,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 
Assistant   Treasurer  of  the  United   States,   Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 
Collectop,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 
Collector,  Richmond,  Virginia, 
Collector,  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
Collector,  Buffalo  Creek,  New  York. 
Collector,  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 
Collector,  Savannah,  Georgia. 
Collector,  ^lobilc,  Alabama. 

■  Treasurer  branch  mint.  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

■  Assistant  Treasurer  United  States,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
Surveyor  of  the  Customs,  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
Surveyor  of  the  Customs,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys,  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys,  Jeffersonville,  Indiana. 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys,  Detroit,  Michigan. 
Collector,  San  Francisco,  California. 

Depositary,  Tallahassee,  Florida. 

Any  person  -wishing  to  pay  a  patent  or  other  fee  may  de- 
posite  it  with  either  of  the  officers  above  named,  and  for- 
ward the  receipt  or  certificate  to  this  office  as  evidence 
thereof. 

91.  All  money  sent  by  mail,  either  to  or  from  the  Pattnt 
Office,  "will  be  at  the  risk  of  the  owner.  In  no  case  should 
money  be  sent  enclosed  with  models. 

92.  All  payments  to  or  by  the  office  must  be  made  in 
specie.  But  the  office  will  endeavor,  in  all  proper  methods, 
to  diminish  the  inconvenience  and  risk  resulting  from  a  rig- 
id adherence  to  this  rule. 

Such  bills  received  at  this  office  as  are  held  equivalent  to 
cash  by  the  banks  of  this  city,  -will  be  sent  to  a  bank  and 


89 


exchanged  for  specie,  and  the  person  sending  it  will  be  cred- 
ited accordingly.  Tliose  that  cannot  be  so  exchanged  will 
be  returned  to  the  owners.  On  the  other  hand,  when  the 
person  to  whom  money  is  due  from  the  ofHce  prefers  a  draft 
on  New  York,  and  makes  a  special  request  to  that  etTect, 
such  draft  will  be  procured  and  setit  whenever  it  can  be 
done  without  expense  to  the  office. 

Taking  and  Transmitting  Testimony, 

93.  In  contested  cases,  the  following  rules  have  been  es- 
tablished for  taking  and  transmitting  evidence  : 

1.  That  all  statements;  declaration,  evidence,  &c.,  shall 
be  in  -writing,  setting  forth  minutely  and  particularly  the 
point  or  points  at  issue,  and  shall  be  verified  by  oath  or  atlir- 
mation. 

2.  That,  before  the  deposition  of  a  witness  or  witnesses 
be  taken  by  either  party,  notice  should  be  given  to  the  op- 
posite party  of  the  time  and  place  when  and  where  such 
deposition  or  depositions  wili  be  taken  ;  so  that  the  opposite 
party,  either  in  person  or  by  attorney,  sh-ill  have  full  oppor- 
tunity to  cross-examine  the  witness  or  witnesses. 

And  such  notice  shall,  iciih  proof  of  servite  of  the  same,  he 
attached  to  the  deposition  or  depositions,  whether  the  party 
croissexamine  or  not ;  and  such  notice  shall  be  given  in  suf- 
ficient time  for  the  appearance  of  the  opposite  party,  and 
for  the  transmission  of  the  evidence  to  the  Patent  Office 
before  the  day  of  heari  ig. 

3.  That  all  evidence,  &c.,  shall  be  sealed  and  addressed 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  by  the  persons  before  whom 
it  shall  be  taken,  and  so  certi  ied  tlu-ieon, 

4.  That  the  certificate  of  the  magistrate  taking  the  evi- 
dence shall  be  substantially  in  the  following  form  and  writ- 
ten upon  the  envelope,  viz: 

**  I  hereby  certify,  that  the  depositions  of  A.  B.,  C.  D., 
S:c.,  relating  to  the  matter  of  interference  between  E.  F.  and 
9 


90 


G.  H.,  were  taken,  sqaled  up,  nnd  addressed  to  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Tatents  by  me. 

A.  B., 

^^  Justice  of  the  Peace.'''' 

5.  In  cases  of  extension,  where  no  opposition  is  made, 
ex-parte  testimony  will  be  received  from  the  applicant;  and 
such  testimony  as  may  have  been  taken  by  the  applicant 
prior  to  notice  of  opposition,  shall  be  received:  Provided, 
The  applicant  shall  give  prompt  notice  to  the  opposing  par- 
ty or  parties  of  the  names  and  residences  of  the  witnesses 
whose  testimony  has  been  thus  taken. 

6.  That  no  evidence,  statement,  or  declaration,  touching 
the  matter  at  issue,  will  be  considered  upon  the  said  day  of 
hearing,  which  shall  not  have  been  taken  and  filed  in  com- 
pliance with  these  rules :  Provided,  That  if  either  party 
shall  be  unable,  for  good  and  sufficient  reasons,  to  procure 
the  testimony  of  a  witness  or  witnesses  within  the  stipulated 
time,  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  party  to  give  notice 
of  the  same  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  accompanied 
by  statements,  under  oath,  of  the  cause  of  such  inability, 
and  of  the  steps  which  have  been  taken  to  procure  said  testi- 
mony, and  of  the  time  or  times  when  efforts  have  been  made 
to  procure  it ;  which  last  mentioned  notice  to  the  Commis- 
sioner shall  be  received  by  him  previous  to  the  day  of  hear- 
ing aforesaid. 

94.  The  notice  for  taking  testimony  must  be  served  by 
delivering  to  the  adverse  party  a  copy. 

If  he  is  not  found,  such  service  may  be  made  upon  his 
agent  or  attorney  of  record,  or  by  leaving  a  copy  at  the  par. 
ty's  usual  place  of  residence,  with  some  member  of  the  fam. 
ily  who  has  arrived  at  the  years  of  discretion. 

It  must  be  annexed  to  the  deposition,  with  a  certificate, 
duly  sworn  to,  stating  the  manner  and  time  in  which  the 
ervi  ce  was  made. 


91 


95.  The  testimony  must  (if  either  party  desires  it)  be  ta- 
ken in  answer  to  interrogatories — having  tl)e  questions  and 
answers  committed  to  writing  in  their  regular  order  by  the 
magistrate,  or,  under  his  direction,  by  some  person  not  inter- 
ested in  the  issue,  or  the  agent  or  attorney  of  one  who  is. 
The  deposition,  when  complete,  must  be  signed  by  the  wit- 
ness. 

96.  The  magistrate  must  append  to  the  deposition  his 
certificate,  stating  the  time  and  place  at  which  it  was  taken, 
the  names  of  the  witnesses,  the  administration  of  the  oath, 
at  whose  request  the  testimony  was  taken,  the  occasion  up- 
on which  it  is  intended  to  be  used,  the  names  of  the  adverse 
party  (if  any,)  and  whether  they  were  present. 

97.  No  notice  will  be  taken,  at  the  hearing,  of  any  mere- 
ly formal  or  technical  objection,  unless  it  may  reasonably  be 
presumed  to  have  wrought  a  substantial  injury  to  the  party 
raising  the  objection ;  nor  even  then,  unless,  as  soon  as  that 
party  became  aware  of  the  objection,  he  immediately  gave 
notice  thereof  to  this  office,  and  also  to  the  opposite  party* 
informing  him  at  the  same  time  that  unless  corrected,  he 
should  urge  his  objection  at  the  hearing. 

98.  The  following  forms  are  recommended  for  observance 
in  the  taking  of  depositions  : 

A.  B.  being  duly  sworn,  doth  depose  and  say,  in  answer 
to  interrogatories  proposed  tojhimby  C.  D.,  counsel  for  E.  F., 
as  follows,  viz : 

1.  Interrogatory.  What  is  your  name,  your  residence 
and  occupation  ? 

1.  Ansxcer.  My  name  is  A.  B. ;  I  am  a  carpenter,  and 
reside  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  ;  and  in  answer  to  cross-in- 
terrogatories proposed  to  him  by  G.  11.,  counsel  for  I.  K.,  as 
follows,  viz : 

1.    Cross-interrogatory.  • 

(Signed)  A.  B. 


92 


Statk  op  New  York,  | 

At  Troy,  in  said  county,  on  the day  of ,  A. 

D.  1853,  before  me  personally  appeared  the  above  named  A. 
B.,  and  made  oath  that  the  foregoing  deposition,  by  him  sub- 
scribed, contains  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth. 

The  said  deposition  is  taken  at  the  request  of  E.  F.,  to  be 
used  upon  the  hearing  of  an  interference  between  the  claims 
of  the  said  E.  F.  and  those  of  I.  K.,  before  the  Commissioner 

of  Patents  of  the  United  States,  at  his  ofEce,  on  the 

day  of next.  The  said  I.  K.  was  duly  notified,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  original  notice  hereto  annexed,  and  attended  by 
G.  H.,  his  counsel. 

Certified  by  me,  L.  M., 

Justice  of  the  Peace. 

The  magistrate  must  then  seal  up  the  deposition  when  com- 
pleted, and  endorse  upon  the  envelope  a  certificate,  according 
to  the  form  prescribed  in  section  93,  and  sign  it. 

Rules  of  Correspondence. 

99.  All  correspondence  must  be  in  the  name  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents;  and  all  letters  and  other  communica- 
tions intended  for  the  oflSce  must  be  addressed  to  him.  It 
addressed  to  any  of  the  other  officers  they  will  not  be  noticed 
unless  it  should  bo  seen  that  the  mistake  was  owing  to  in- 
advertence. 

100.  Where  an  agent  has  filed  his  power  of  attorney,  duly 
executed,  the  corrcsp  >ndenco  will,  in  ordinary  cases,  bo  held 
with  him  only.  A  double  correspondence  with  him  and  his 
principal,  if  generally  allowed,  would  largelr  enhance  the 
labor  of  the  oflice.  For  the  same  reason,  the  assignee  of  the 
entire  interest  in  an  invention  is  alone  en'itled  to  hold  cor- 
respondence with  the  office,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  inventor. 
If  ir.y  ■nrlnci'^al  becomes  dissa'l^'oJ,  he  must  revoke  kt* 


93 


power   of  attorney,  and  notify  the  office,  which  will  then 
communicate  with  him. 

101.  All  communications  to  and  from  the  Commissioner 
upon  official  business  are  carried  in  the  mail  free  of  postage. 

Of  the  Filing  and  Preservation  of  Papers, 

102.  All  claims  and  specifications  filed  in  this  office  (in- 
cluding amendments)  must  be  written  in  a  fair,  legible  hand, 
without  interlineations  or  erasures,  except  such  as  are  clearly 
stated  in  a  marginal  or  foot  note  written  on  the  same  sheet 
of  paper. 

103.  Every  paper  filed  in  the  office  must  be  endorsed  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  show  its  general  character  on  the  out- 
pido.  It  must  also  show  the  exact  date  on  which  it  was  filed. 
But  where  several  papers  are  permanently  fastened  together, 
one  ''filing"  for  the  whole  will  be  sufficient. 

Lcttors  going  on  the  files  of  any  particular  case  must,  in 
addition  to  the  filing  above  directed,  be  endorsed  with  tho 
name  of  the  writer  and  the  date  when  written.  (The  above 
rule  is  intended  tor  the  guidance  of  the  employes  in  this  office 
alone.) 

104.  All  papers  thus  ''filed''  will  be  regarded  as  perma- 
nent records  of  the  office,  and  must  never,  on  any  account, 
be  changed,  further  than  to  con  ect  mere  clerical  mistakes. 

Of  Amendments. 

105.  All  amendments  of  specifications  or  claims  must  be 
made  on  separate  sheets  of  paper  from  the  original,  and 
must  be  filed  in  the  manner  above  directed. 

When  amendments  are  required,  the  papers  themselves  are 
generally  returned  to  the  applicant ;  but  it  is  only  to  enable 
him  to  make  those  amendments  so  as  to  be  in  harmony  with 
tho  context.  Even  when  the  amendment  consists  in  striking 
out  a  portion  of  the  specification  or  other  paper,  tho  same 
course  should  be  observed.    No  erasure  must  bo  made.     The 


94 


papers  must  remain  forever  just  as  they  were  when  filed,  so 
that  a  true  history  of  all  that  has  been  done  in  the  case  may 
be  gathered  from  them. 

106.  The  following  are  given  as  specimens  of  the  forms 
proper  to  be  observed  in  such  cases  : 

''I  hereby  amend  my  specification  by  inscrfrg  the  fol  ow- 
ing words  after  the  word in  the line  of  the 

pago  thereof,"'  [here  should  follow  the  words  that  are 

to   bo  inserted ;]  or,  '  I  hereby  amend  my  specification  by 

striking:  out  the lino  of  the pnge  thereof,"  or 

"by  striking  out  the  first  and  fourth  claims  appended  there- 
to,"' or  whatever  may  be  the  amendment  desired  by  the  ap- 
plicant. 

107.  The  forms  of  other  amendments  will  readily  suggest 
themselves.  In  each  case  the  exact  words  to  be  struck  out 
or  inserted  should  be  clearly  described,  and  the  precise  point 
where  any  insertion  is  to  be  made. 

108.  Where  papers  are  returned  to  the  applicant  for 
amendment,  the  original  papers  must  in  all  cases  be  returned 
to  the  ofiBce  for  preservation,  together  with  the  amendments- 

109.  In  some  cases  amendments  will  be  permitted  to  be 
made  by  writing  out  the  entire  paper  anew  ;  but  even  when 
this  is  done,  the  original  paper  must  be  returned  and  pre- 
served. 

110.  No  paper  will  be  allowed  to  bo  taken  from  this  office 
unless  rccipted  for,  or  unless  a  written  request  be  filed  by  the 
party  entitled  to  control  the  case,  nor  unlilall  interlineationg 
and  erasures  are  clearly  noted  on  the  pap^r  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  any  change  being  made  with" 
out  the  certainty  of  immediate  detection. 

1 11.  The  practice  which  has  been  sometimes  pursued  o^ 
placing  the  affidavit  of  the  applicant  on  one  piece  of  paper, 
and  the  signature  i<>  the  specification  on  another,  so  Ihat 
both  may  bo  detached  and  applied  to  other  papers,  will  be 


95  ' 

looked  upon  with  Puspicion,  and  any  such  substitution  will 
bo  carefully  guarded  against. 

No  such  specifications  will  be  received  unless  attached  to- 
gether by  a  tape,  both  the  ends  of  which  are  secured  by  tho 
seal  of  the  officer  who  administered  the  oath,  or  unless  that 
officer  at  least  has  subscribed  his  name  upon  each  ecparato 
sheet  of  paper,  so  as  to  show  that  the  specification  presented 
13  the  same  that  was  subscribed  and  sworn  to. 

Rules  for  Reconsiderations. 

The  following  rules  will  be  strictly  observed,  except  when, 
for  cause  shown,  in  special  cases  a  modification  shall  bo  al- 
lowed by  the  Commissioner : 

112.  Upon  tho  rejection  of  an  application  for  a  patent  for 
the  want  of  novelty,  the  applicant  will  be  furnished  with 
references  to  the  cases  on  which  the  rejection  was  made,  with 
a  brief  explanation  of  the  cause  of  rejection.  If  ho  desires 
a  copy  of  the  cases  so  referred  to,  or  of  the  plates  or  drawings 
connected  with  them,  these  will  all  be  forwarded  to  him  on 
payment  of  the  cost  of  making  such  copies. 

113.  If  the  applicant  feels  able  to  remove  the  objections 
raised  by  the  office,  he  may  himself,  or  by  his  agent,  come 
before  the  proper  examiner  between  two  and  three  o'clock  P 
M.,  on  any  Monday,  Wednesday,  or  Friday  of  the  week,  fo' 
the  purpose  of  making  tho  desired  explanations,  or  ho  may 
forward  his  reasons  in  writing,  to  be  laid  before  the  examiner. 

114.  Should  there  be — notwithstanding  theso  reasons — ft 
second  rejection,  the  app'icant  may  in  person,  or  hy  his  agent 
or  in  writing,  as  above  contemplated,  bring  tho  matter  before 
the  Commissioner,  who  will,  if  possible,  examine  tho  caso  in 
person  ;  but  should  ho  not  be  sufficiently  at  leisure,  it  will  be 
referred  to  a  board  of  examiners. 

Tho  decision  attained  in  either  of  these  modes  will  bo  final, 
so  far  as  the  action  of  this  office  is  concerned.  The  only  re- 
maining remedy  will  bo  by  appeal  in  those  cases  allowed  by 
law. 


96 


Of  Giving  or   Withholding  Information. 

115.  Aside  from  the  caveat?,  T\bich  are  required  hy  law 
to  bo  kept  secret,  all  pendin^j  applications  are,  ;is  far  as  prac- 
ticable, preser\-cd  in  like  secrecy.  >;o  information -will  there- 
fore be  given  to  those  inquiring  whether  any  particular  patent 
is  before  tho  office,  or  whether  any  particular  person  has  ap- 
plied for  a  patent.  . 

116.  But  information  is  given  in  relation  to  any  case  after 
a|patent  has  issued,  or  after  a  patent  has  been  refused,  and 
the  further  prosecution  of  the  application  is  abandoned. 

The  models  in  such  cases  are  so  placed  as  to  be  subject  to 
general  inspection ;  the  specifications  and  drawing  in  any 
particular  case  can  be  seen  by  any  one  having  particular  oc- 
casion to  examine  them,  and  copies  thereof,  as  well  as  of 
patents  granted,  will  bo  furnished  to  any  one  willing  to  pay 
tho  bare  expense  of  making  them.  Copies  will  i^o  made  on 
parchment  at  the  request  of  an  applicant,  upon  his  paying 
tho  additional  cost 

117.  Even  attor  a  caso  is  rejected,  tho  applica'ion  is  re- 
garded as  pen  .ing  unl  il  after  the  decision  of  an  appeal  there- 
on, or  until  after  the  party  has  withdrawn  tho  caso  fro -i^  the 
farther  consideration  of  the  office  ;  but  if  a  party,  who-o 
application  has  been  rejected,  allows  tho  matter  to  rest  for 
two  years  without  taking  any  further  stops  therein,  ho  will 
be  regarded  as  having  abandoned  his  application  so  far  at 
least  that  it  will  no  longer  be  protected  by  any  rule  of 
secrecy. 

The  specification,  drawings,  and  model,  will  then  be  sub- 
ject to  inspection  in  tho  same  manner  as  those  of  patented 
or  withdrawn  appli  jations. 

118.  Information  in  relation  to  pending  cases  is  given  eo 
far  as  it  becomes  necessary  in  conducting  the  business  of  the 
oflSce,  but  no  further.  Thus  when  an  interference  is  declar- 
ed between  two  pending  applications,  each  of  the  contestants 


97 


is  entitled  to  a  knowledge  of  so  mnch   of  his  !xnta50iiifll'3 
case  as  to  enable  him  to  conduct  bis  own  undcrstandingly. 

And  where  (he  rejection  of  an  application  is  founded  upon 
another  case  preTiously  rejected,  but  not  withdrawn  or 
abandoned,  the  rejected  applicant  will  be  furnished  with  all 
information  in  relation  to  the  previously  rejected  case  which 
is  necessary  for  the  proper  understanding  and  managomont 
of  his  own. 

119.  When  an  applicant  claims  a  certain  device,  and  the 
same  device  is  found  described  but  not  claimed  in  another 
pending  application  which  was  previously  filed,  information 
of  the  filing  of  such  second  application  ia  always  given  to  the 
prior  applicant,  with  a  suggestion  that  if  he  desires  to  claim 
a  patent  fot  that  device,  he  should  forthwith  modify  hia  spec- 
ification accordingly. 

120.  But  where  the  application  which  thus  describes  & 
d-vice  without  claiming  it  is  eubseqnent  in  date  to  that 
wherein  such  device  is  claimel,  the  general  rule  is,  that  no 
notice  of  the  claim  in  the  previous  application  ia  given  to  the 
subsequent  applicant.  But  where  there  are  any  special  rcs.- 
sons  to  doubt  whether  the  prior  applicant  is  really  the  in- 
ventor of  the  device  claimed,  or  where  there  are  any  other 
peculiar  and  sufiicient  reasons  for  departing  from  the  rule 
above  stated,  the  oSice  reserves  to  itself  the  right  of  so  doing 
without  its  being  regarded  as  a  departure  from  cstahlishod 
rule. 

121.  The  ofiice  cannot  respond  to  inquiries  as  to  tho  nov- 
elty of  an  alleged  invention,  in  advance  of  an  application 
for  a  patent,  in  manner  pointed  out  in  this  pam[)hltt,  (see 
section  To)  for  obvious  reasons  ;  nor  to  inquiries  founded  upon 
brief  and  imperfect  descriptions  propounded  with  a  view  of 
ascertaining  whether  such  alleged  improvem;int3  have  been 
patented,  and  if  so,  te  whom  ;  nor  can  it  act  as  an  expounder 
of  thi-  patent  law,  or  as  counsellor  for  individuals,  cxeopt  a^ 
to  Questions  arisinsr  within  tbo  oSco. 


98 


122.  All  business  with  the  oflBce  should  bo  transacted  in 
writing,  unless,  by  the  consent  of  all  parties,  tho  action  of  the 
office  will  bo  predicated  exclusively  on  tho  written  record. 
No  attention  will  bo  paid  to  any  alleged  verbal,  promise  or 
rnderstanding,  in  relation  to  which  there  is  any  disagrce- 
moDt  or  doubt. 

CUARLES  MASON, 

Commissio7ier. 
Patent  Office,  2Qth  February,  1854. 


MECHANICS. 

Many  persons  are  too  apt  to  sneer  at  the  mechanic, 
as  deemed  unworthy  of  association  -with  the  magnates 
of  the  land.    What  individual  possessing  the  genius  of 
an  Eckford  or  a  Khodes,  would  exchange  it  for  the 
tinselled  glories  of  a  rent  roll,  which  lead  to  the  idle 
dissipations  of  a  fashionable  life  ?  The  Great  Mechan- 
ic of  the  universe  not  only  clothed  his  divine   Son 
with  the  garb  of  humanity,  but  he  was  even  an  hum- 
ble carpenter.     Benjamin  Franklin  was  a  printer, 
Roger  Sherman  a  shoemaker.    Every  youth  should 
be  taught  some  trade,  for  without  such  knowledge  he 
is  more  or  less  dependent  upon  the  freaks  of  fortune. 
*'  Riches  have  wings,"  is  an  adage  as  trite  as  it  is  true, 
and  with  the  experience  of  life  before  us,  who  vv^ould 
not,  when  the  flood  of  misfortune  or  the  fire  of  adver- 
sity sweeps  away  human  hopes,  sincerely  wish  he,  too, 
were   a  mechanic  ?     The   progress  of  our  country 
in  the  scale  of  nations  —  the  march  of  mind  on  the 
land  and  water  is  hastened  by  the  improvements  de- 
veloped in  the  mechanical  arts.     AVho  can  observe 
the  power  of  the  steam  engine,  not  only  impelling  the 
massive  vessel  with  speed  through  the  waters,  success- 
fully combatting  with  the  mountain  wave  and  the  fu- 
rious gale,  without  being  lost  in  wonder  at  that  intcl- 


100 


Kgent  mind  wliich  lias  wrought  out  machinery  so  com- 
plicated, yet  so  perfectly  simple,  as  by  obeying  the 
power  of  steam,  to  annihilate  space,  and  reveal  to  the 
eye  of  commerce  nations  and  people  but  little  known. 
I^ok,  too  at  the  benefit  to  the  human  race  conferred 
by  machinery,  in  manufactures,  in  preparing  the  tree 
of  the  forest  for  the  ship  builder  and  the  house 
Wright.  "We  speak  not  here  of  the  press,  without 
which  the  mind  would  be  clipped  of  those  wings  en" 
abling  it  to  take  its  eagle  flight  and  soar  beyond  those 
confines  from  which  the  art  of  printing  has  released  it. 
Its  prison-house  has  been  demolished,  and  the  light  of 
science,  like  the  light  of  the  solar  system,  pierces  into 
the  hovel  of  the  poor  man,  at  it  irradiates  the  palaces 
of  the  wealthy.  A  writer  has  truthfully  observed :  — 
'•  Mechanics  arc  tha  palace-builders  of  the  world :  not 
a  stick  is  hewn  nor  a  stone  shaped  in  all  the  lordly 
dwellings  of  the  rich,  that  does  not  owe  its  beauty 
and  fitness  to  the  mechanic's  skill ;  the  towering  spires 
that  raise  their  giddy  height  among  the  clouds,  depend 
upon  the  mechanic's  art  for  their  strength  and  symme- 
try; not  an  edifice  for  devotion,  business  or  comfort, 
but  bears  the  impress  of  their  handiwork. 

How  exalted  their  calling ;  how  sublime  their  vo' 
c-ation  !  Who  dares  to  sneer  at  such  a  fraternity  ; 
who  dares  to  cast  odium  upon  such  a  patriotic  and 
honorable  class  of  men  ?  Their  path  is  one  of  true 
glory,  and  it  is  their  own  fault  if  it  does  not  lead  them 
to  the  highest  post  of  honor  and  renown.  AVho  can 
eBtlmate,  who  can  appreciate  the  aggregate  benefits  to 


101 


a  country,  whicb  mechanics  confer  ?  •  May  we  not 
■Nvith  just  pride  anticipate  thc'period  when  the  high- 
est passport  to  the  circles  of  the  refined,  the  intelli- 
gent and  the  good,  ayIII  be  that  he  is  a  well  bred,  an 
educated  mechanic." 


THE  DIGNITY  OF  LABOR. 

Some  treat  the  subject  of  manual  labor  in  synono- 
mous  terms  with  brute  force,  and  that  in  severe  toil 
lay  the  man  with  dignity  buried.  Others  treat  the 
subject  with  a  sort  of  crazy  disrespect  for  every  kind 
of  labor  but  agricultural  or  mechanical.  Others 
again,  and  by  far  the  most  consequential  class,  look 
upon  all  kinds  of  physical  labor  as  indicative  of  an 
inferior  understanding,  and  an  inferior  race  of  be- 
ings. 

It  is  almost  needless  for  us  to  say  that  all  these  im- 
pressions are  erroneous.  "We  wish  that  we  could  im- 
press the  mind  of  every  man  and  woman,  with  Pope's 
idea  of  a  man :  "  "Worth  makes  the  man,  the  want  of 
it  the  fellow."  All  kinds  of  honest  labor  are  alike 
respectable.  "We  have  nothing  to  say  about  drones ; 
they  are  not  worth  a  paragraph.  Apart  from  per- 
sonal worth,  no  occupation  or  profession  should  gild  a 
man  with  false  dignity,  ^yo  may  talk  about  the  dig- 
nity of  labor  as  we  may,  but  what  we  want  is  the  ap- 
preciation of  its  value,  to  make  the  workman  feel 
himself,  that  he  is  a  nobleman,  when  an  honest  man. 
It  is  the  absence  of  this  feeling  among  themselves 
10 


102 

that  makes  them  too  lightly  esteemed  by  more  wealthy 
men.  It  is  no  doubt  true  that  poverty  robs  a  man  of 
his  independence ;  this  is  a  fact,  and  one  on  which  all 
our  people  should  deeply  ponder.  If  our  mechanics' 
self  respect  is  to  be  maintained,  they  must  always  be 
well  remunerated  ;  without  this  the  laborer  will  lose 
his  dignity  of  feeling.  It  makes  no  matter  how  much 
people  may  talk  about  the  dignity  of  labor,  experi- 
ence has  established  the  fact,  that  worth,  however 
much  admired  in  the  abstract,  never  looks  very  grace- 
ful in  rags.  It  is  true  that  this  is  not  right,  that  it 
says  little  for  our  common  sense  or  humanity ;  but 
while  it  is  a  fact,  it  is  the  better  part  of  wisdom  to 
prevent  the  effect,  by  the  removal  or  absence  of  the 
cause. 

In  America,  the  mechanical  classes  know  not  the 
philosophy  nor  the  religion  that  succumbs  to  power 
or  wealth  ;  may  they  never  be  subordinate  to  either. 
If  the  past  is  of  any  use  at  all  as  experience  to  guide, 
if  the  present  in  other  nations  is  of  any  use  at  all  to 
warn  and  exhort,  we  would  bid  those  who  lecture  so 
zealously,  and  talk  of  the  dignity  of  labor,  never  to 
forget  that  where  labor  is  not  duly  rewarded,  it  is  a 
sure  sign  that  it  is  not  properly  respected  —  that  it  is 
robbeU  of  its  dignity  and  shorn  of  its  independence. 
Let  those  who  think  well  of  their  country,  think  of 
these  thiniTs. 


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